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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.
UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES.
F. V. HAYDEN, Geologist-in-Charge.
ACRIDIDAE OF NORTH AMERICA.
BY
CYRUS THOIVTAS, P»li. D.
I
^
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.
RKFORT
UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
THE TERRITORIES
F. V. HAYDEN,
UXITKD 8TATKS GEOLOGIST-IN-CHAIiOE.
IN FIVE VOLUMES.
WASni^StGTON:
GOVEKNMENT PRINTING OFFICK. 1873.
VOLUME V
ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY.
PREFATORY NOTE
The present memoir, entitled "A Synopsis of the Acrididse of North America," by Professor Thomas, is offered for publication at this time with the belief that it is a substantial contribution to Natural History. It is one of the results of the author's connection with the Survey for the past four years. It forms the first part of Vol. V, which is intended to include only special papers on subjects connected with the recent Zoology and Botany of the Survey. The catalogues, with brief descriptions of the new species that are collected from year to year, will appear in the annual reports, while the more elaborate descriptions, with the illustrations of the new or little-known species, will be included in this volume. The Fishes and Reptiles will be elaborated by Professor Cope, the Botany by Professor Porter, Hemiptera by P. R. Uhler, Coleoptera by Dr. Horn, Birds by Dr. Coues, and Mammals by Professor Gill.
We trust that this array of names of men so eminent in these special departments will be a sufficient guarantee for the value of this work.
I beg to extend to all these gentlemen my cordial thanks for their kind co-operation.
F. V. HAYDEN,
United States Geologist.
Office U. S. Geological Survey of Teuritories,
January 10, 1873.
I> ^ R T I
SYNOPSIS
ACRIDIDAE OF NORTH AMERICA.
CYRUS THOIM^S, Ph. D,
T^33LE OF CONTENTS.
Page.
Prefatory note by Dr. F. V. Haydon v
Lotter to the geologist-in-charge 1
List of authorities 3
Pakt I. — The Acridid^s; op thk United States 7
Introduction 9
External structure and terminology 10
luternal structure ii2
Explanation of wood-cuts 27
Classification .- 29
Classification of North American genera 41
Geographical distribution of the genera and species of North American xVcridida; 42
Notes on some United States species 4C>
Sj'noptical table of the United States genera 49
Descriptions of the genera and species of the United States r)3
Sub-Fam. I. — Acridiaai 5r>
Divis. I. — Conocephalidcs 5G
Sec. 1. — Microcerides 56
Group 1. — Proseopini 56
Sec. 2. — Macroceridos 5G
Group 2. — Trjxaliul .''ifi
Gen. Tryxalis 57
Gen. Mesops 59
Gen. Opomala 62
Gen. Pyrgomorpha 6()
Group 3. — Trigonopterygini 70
Divis. II. — Orthocerides , 70
Gronp 4. — ffidipodiui 70
Section 1 72
Gen. Oxycoryphus 72
Gen. Chrysochraon 74
Gen. Acroloiihitus 77
Gen. Pedioscertetes 79
Gen. Stenobothrus 80
Gen. Gomphocerus 95
Section II 97
Gen. Stetheoi)hyma 98
Gen. Tragocephala 100
Gen. Tomonotus - 104
Gen. Oedipoda 108
Gen. Tropidolophus 138
Gen. Stauronotus 139
Gen. Boopedon 140
Gen. Brachypepliis 142
Group 5. — Acridini 143
Gen. Peisotettix 145
Gen. Platyphyma 154
Gen. Ommatolamiiis - 156
Gen. Caloi)tenU3 157
Gen. Chromacris 167
Gen. Acridium 168
2780 1
Page. Descriptions of tbo genera and species of the United States— Continued :
Gen. Tropidacris 176
Divis. III. — Xiplioceridcs 178
Group 6.— Xipliocerini 178
Gen. Rbomalea 178
Group7.— Pliymatini 181
Sub-Fain. II.— TcttigiuiB 181
Gen. Tettis 182
Gen. Tettigidea 186
Geu. Batracbidea 189
TaKT II.— ACKIDIDJ3 OF NORTU AMERICA NOT FOUND IN THE UnITP.D STATES 192
Tiyxallni 195
Gen.Trysalis 195
Geu. Opomala 195
Gen. Icbtbydion 198
Gen. Pegasidiou 198
Gen. Spbeiruium 199
aCdipodini -• 200
Geu. Hippiscus 200
Gen. Macbajrocera 201
Gen. Osycorypbus 201
Geu. Stouobotbrus - -• 205
Gen. Stetbeopbyma ; 210
Geu. Tomouotus 211
Gen. (Edipoda 2l;i
Geu. Hippopeden 218
Geu. Lei^rus 219
Acridiui 219
Geu. Dactylotum 219
Gen. Poepedetes . . . - 220
Geu. Pedies 221
Geu. Pezotettix 222
Geu. Platypbyma 223
Geu. Ommatolampis 224
Geu. Calopteuus 224
Geu. Calacris 227
Geu. Acridium 228
Geu. Lopbacris 2;i7
Geu. Monacbidium 238
Xipboceriui ■ 239
Gen. Rbomalea 239
Geu. Xipbocera 241
Tettigina; 243
Geu. Tettix ,' 243
Gen. Batracbidea 244
Gen. Cboripbyllum 244
\ddcuda and errata 247
Description o.f tbc plate 251
Glossary 253
Index 259
LETTER TO THE GEOLOGIST IN CHARGE.
Washington, D. C, January 1, 1873.
Dear Sir : During my connection, for the past four years, with the Geo- logical Survey of the Territories conducted under your charge, I have been enabled to collect a large number of specimens of Orthoptera, especially of Acrididge ; and having made the study of this family a specialty for several years past, I conceived the idea of preparing a monograph or synopsis of the species thereof found in the United States. Having mentioned this idea to you, I am happy to say that you heartily approved of it, and gave me all the encouragement and aid therein consistent with the other and more practical duties of the Survey. By this encouragement and aid, and the use of the name of the Survey, I have succeeded in collecting together a large number of specimens, representing not only almost all the previously-described spe- cies, but also a jiumber of new ones, most of which have been described and reported, from time to time, for publication in your annual reports; a few are herein noticed for the first time. I herewith present the result of my labors in this direction, trusting that it may prove acceptable, and that it may con- tribute something, be it ever so small, to the advancement of scientific knowl- edge. It is possible that a delay of another year would have enabled me to render it more complete and satisfactory ; but I have conclude<l it is best to bring it before the public as soon as possible, as it will be one aid to ento- mologists in determining new species, and thus enable them the sooner to complete the Hst of the species of this important family which belong to the North American fauna. I have entitled it a "Synopsis," instead of "Mono- graph," because I have not had an opportunity of inspecting all the described species, nor of examining many of the original types of other authors.
In order to render it as complete and as useful as possible, I have added descriptions of the species found in other parts of North America, but whicli do not belong to the United States fauna. These descriptions arc chiefly from the authors by whom they were originally described, as I have had an opportunity of inspecting but few of the species, and very few of them have been figured.
The types of all the new species which I have described have been placed in the Agricultural Department, where they will be preserved, thus aflTording a ready means of reference in future investigations. Quite a number of these have been figured by Professor Townend Glover, and will be found in his " Illustrations of North American Entomology — Orthoptera," published in quarto during the past season.
An examination of this synopsis will show that about one hundred and twenty species of this family, exclusive of the Tettiginas, are described as belonging to the United States, and as representing twenty-five genera. The total number of Aci'ididas, exclusive of Tettiginas, described in Fischer's Orthoptera Europea, is but seventy-seven, representing twenty genera. I have described as new forty species and four genera, and have also inti'o- duced six other genera not hitherto known to be represented in the United States. In two instances I have adopted generic names (equivalents) differ- ent from those used by Mr. Scudder : this has been done in order to conform to the present usage of European orthopterologists. I have modified and somewhat changed the arrangement of the entire order, Fieber's system, con- sidered as descending, being used as a basis ; but I find since the publication of your last report (1871), in which I sketched this arrangement, that I have been in part anticipated by Brunner de Wattenwyl, of whose plan I have seen but an outline. I have adopted an arrangement of the various divisions of the family, which I may claim, in great part at least, as my own ; whether valuable or not must be determined by future investigations and use.
I take pleasure in'acknowledging the favors received from the Smithso- nian Institution in the preparation of this work ; and also desire to express my thanks to the Agricultural Department for the use of the specimens of Orthoptera deposited there, and for the assistance rendered in procuring specimens from various parts of the United States. Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
CYRUS THOMAS.
Professor F. V. Hayden,
United States Geologist.
AUTHORITIES,
Tlie foUowiDg list is confined almost exclusively to those authorities which contain descriptions of the genera and species of Acrididce belonging to the North American fauna, or in. which some important information will be found in regard thereto. Some works, as will be seen, are included which are wholly devoted to exotic species; but where such are named it is because they contain original generic descriptions, and are therefore necessary to be examined in order to obtain a full history of the North American AcrididcB. The full titles, when not given here, will generally be found in the introduc- tory part of Mr. Scudder's Catalogue of the Orthoptera :
BLANonAED (fimile). Histoire uaturelle des iusectes orthopteres, neuropteres, heiuip-
teres, bymenopteres, lepidopteres et diptere-s. Paris, 18-10-41. 3 vols., 8vo. Vol.
Ill contains the Orthoptera. BuEJLEiSTEE (Hermanu). Handbnch der Eutomologie. Berlin. 1832-55, 5 vols., Svo.
Yol. II, pt.-ii, 1838, contains the Orthoptera. Vol. 1 has been translated by W.
E. Shuckard, under the title "Manual of Entomology," London, 183G, 8vo. Gatesby (Marc). The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands.
1st ed., London, 1731-33, 2 vols., folio. 2d ed., Loudon, 1754, 2 vols., folio. 3d ed.,
London, 1771, 2 vols., folio. Contains but one species, (Edlpoda Carolina, which is
tignred. Chaepentiee de Totjssaint. Orthoptera, descripta et depicta. Lipsise, 1841-45.
1 vol., 4to. De Geer (Carl). M<imoires pour servir a I'histoire des insectes. Stockholm, 1752-78.
7 vols., 4to. Vol. Ill contains the Orthoptera. Druey (Drew). Illustrations of Natural History. London, 177C-82. 3 vols., 4to. DuFOUE (Leon), llecherches auatooiiqnes et physiologiques sur les orthopteres, les
hyiuenopteres et les neuroptercs. Annales des sci. nat. zool., 2" ser., torn 4, 1835.
Annales des sci. nat. zool., 2" ser., toui 17, 1852. Emmons (Ebeuezer). The Natural History of New York. Albany, 1854: 4to. Vol. V
contains the Insects. Eeichson (Wilhelm Ferdinand). In Wiegmaun's Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte. Ber- lin, 183G. 8vo. Fabeicius (Johanu Christian). Systema entomologioe. 8vo. Hensburgi et Lipsiae,
1775.
Species iusectorum. 2 vols., Svo. Hamburg] et Kilonii, 1781.
Mantissa insectorum. 2 vols. 8vo. Hafnise, 1787. For dates of editions and
full titles see Scudder's Catalogue. These are of bat little value in the study
of North American Acrididw except in tracing the sj'uonyms of species. Felton (Samuel). In the Philosophical Transactions, London, 1764. Vol. 54, 4to.
An account and description of the Bltomhca cicada, Felt (ChoriphyJIum rhomhcum,
Walk.) Fischer (Leopold Heinrich). Orthoptera Enropaea. Lipsiie, 1853. 4to.
Fitch (Asa). Auiciican Joiuiial of Agriculture and Science, New York, 1847. Vol.
VJ, 8vo. Trau.sactions of the New York State Agricultural Society, Albany, 1856. Vol.
IG, 8vo.
Third Eeport Noxious Insects, &c., 185C. 8vo.
Gekjiak (Ernst Friedricb). Zeitschrift fiir die Eutomologie. Leipzig, 1839-44. 5 vols., 8vo. Vols.. I and II contain the references to North American Acrididw.
Glover (Townend). In the Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for the year 1870. Washington, 1871. 1 vol., 8vo.
In the Eeport of the Commissiouer of Agriculture for the year 1871. Wash-
iugtou, 1872. 1 vol.,'8vo.
Eutomological Record, in the Monthly Reports of the Department of Agricul-
ture for August and September, 1871. Washington, 1871. Svo. Also for Janu- ary, 1872. Washington, 1872. 8vo. — Illustrations of North American Entomology, Orthoptera. Washington, 1872.
4to, with plates.
GiRAED (Chailes). Appendix to Marcy's Exploration of the Red River of Louisiana in the year 1852. Washington, 1853. 8vo. Executive Document No. .54, 32d Congress, 2d Session.
Haan (Willem de). Verhandeliugeu over de natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Neder- laudsche overzeescbe Bezittingeu door de Leden der uatuurkuundige Commissie in Indie en andere Schrijvers. Uitgegeven door C. J. Temminck. J^eiden, 1839-44. Folio. (Orthoptera, 1842.) I believe no new species of Acrididw from North America are described in this extensive work, but several additional localities where species are found are noted.
Halueman (S. S). In Stansbury's "Exploration and Survey of the Valley of the Great Salt Lake of Utah." Washington, 1853. Svo. Executive Document No. 3 (Senate), special session, March, 1851.
Harris (Thaddeus William). In Hitchcock's "Report on the Geology, Mineralogy and Botany of Massachusetts." Amherst, 1833. (Orthoptera, vol. VIII.) 2d ed., 1835.
Treatise on some of the Insects of Ncav England which are Injurious to Vegeta- tion. Boston, 1852. Svo. 3d ed., with plates and figures, Boston, 1862, Svo. The first edition of this work, Cambridge, 1841, is entitled "A Report on the In- sects of Massachusetts Injurious to Vegetation." A part of the edition of 1852 has the same title on the cover, while the title-page is as given above. There was a small edition of 1842.
KiRBY (William). Fauna Boreali-Americana. London, 1837. Vol. IV, 4to.
Latreille (Pierre Andr6). Genera crustaceorum et insectorum. Paris, 1806-9. 4 vols., Svo. (Orthoptera, vol. Ill, 1807.)
— Histoiro naturelle, generale et particuliere, des crustac6s et des iusectes. Paris,
1802-5. 14 vols,, Svo. (Orthoptera, vol. XII, 1804.)
LiNNE (Carl von). Systema natura. Various editions.
Museum Ludovicai Ulricas Reginie, Holmire, 1764. Svo.
In Amcenetates Academicte, torn. VI, Svo. Holmiaj, 1703. (See Scudder's
Catalogue.)
Oken (Lorenz). lu the Isis, 1835. _ 4to. Leipzig. Refers only to Bomufeu microptera.
Olivier (Antoitie Guillaume). In the Encyclopedic methodique. Paris, 1789-1825. {Acrididw, vol. 121 ; of Insects, VI.)
Packard (A. S., Jr.) In Preliminary Eeport on the Natural History and Geology of Maine. Augusta, 1801. Svo. 2d report in same, Augusta, 1803. Svo.
Packard (A. S., Jr.) Guide to tbe Study of Insects. 3d ed. Siilein, 1872. 8vo. Palisot de Beaxjvois. Insectes recucillcs en Africiue et en Aniericiue dans les
royaumes d'Oware a Saint Douiingue et dans les litats-Unis pendant les annees
1786-97. Paris, 1805-21. Folio. This very rare work contains some very good tig-
nres, useful in settling questions of synonymy. SAtrsstJRE (Henri dc). In Kevue et magazin de zonlogie. Paris, 18.50-01. 8vo. Ortiiopt^ra nova Americana (Diagnosis preliminaires). Serie I-III. Paris,
18.59-01. 8vo. These two contain tLe same and are indispensable to a knowledge
of Mexican and .some United States s.pecies. Say (Thomas). The Complete Writings of Thomas Say on the Entomology of North
America, edited by John L. LeConte. New York, 1859. 2 vols., 8vo. 1 omit a
list of the different papers, as they are all in this edition. SctTDDEB (Samuel II.) Materials for a ^Monograph of the North American Orthoptera.
In the Boston Journal of Natural History, Boston, 1802. Vol. VII., 8vo. Sec- paper in the same volume. A List of Orthoptera collected on a trip from Assiuiboin to Cumberland.^ In
the Canadian Naturalist, Montreal, 1802. Vol. VII., 8vo. A Catalogue of the 'Orthoptera of North America, described previous to 1807.
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, No. 189. Washington, 1808. 8vo. Notes on the Orthoptera collected by Dr. F. V. Hayden in Nebraska. In United
States Geological Survey of Nebraska, Final Eeport, Washington, 1872. 8vo.
In the Proceedings of the American Entomological Society. Vol. II., 8vo.
On the Arrangement of the Families of Orthoptera. Proceedings of the EU)Ston
Society of Natural History, Boston, 1809. Vol. XII, Svo.
Notes on Orthoptera collected by Professor James Orton on either side of the
Andes of Equatorial South America. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. XII. Bos- ton, 1809. Svo. Seryille (J. G. Andinet). Eevue m6thodiquc des orthopteres. In the Annates des
sciences naturelles, torn. XXII. 8vo. Paris, 18.31.
Histoire naturelle des insectes orthopteres. Paris, 1839. 8vo.
Smith (S. I.) On the Orthoptera of the State of Maine. In the Proceedings of the
Portland Society of Natural History, Portland, 1808. 8vo. StAl (Carl). Orthoptera species novus descripsit. In Kongliga svenska Fregattens
Eugenics Ke.^a omkring Jorden. Stockholm, 1858-00. 4 vols., 4to. Insects, vol.
III. (Orthoptera, 1800.) Describes two new species of Acrididw belonging to the
United States fauna; the descriptions are in Latin. Stolt. (Casper). KdiJresentation des spectres, ou phasmcs, des mai.tes, des sauterelles,
des grillons, des criquets et des blattes des quatie parties du monde. Amsterdam,
1787-1815. 4to. (In Dutch and French.) Taylor (A. S.) An Account of the Grasshoppers and Locusts of America. In the
Smithsonian lleport for the year 1808. Washington, 1809. 8vo. Thomas (Cyrus). Insects Injurious to Vegetation in Illinois. In the Transactions of
the Illinois State Agricultural Society, vol. V, 1801-04. Springlield, 1805. 8vo. Descrii)tion of Grasshoppers from Colorado. lu the Proceedings of the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Phihulelphia (July), 1870. 8vo. Contribution to Orthopterology. In the Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Phila- delphia (July), 1871. 8vo. A List and Descriptions of New Species of Orthoptera. In the Eeport of the
United States Geological Survey of Wyoiniug by F. V. Hayden. Washington,
1871. 8vo.
Thomas (Cyrus). Notes on the Saltatorial Ortlioptera of the Rocky Mountain Regions.
In the Report of the United States Geological Survey of Montana by V. Y.
Hayden. Washington, 1872. 8vo. A New Grasshopper from Colorado. In the Canadian Entomologist. London,
Ontario, 1871. 8vo. Nos 9 and 10 of vol. Ill (Nov.)
Remarks on the Migratory Species. In the Preliminary Field Report of the
United States Geological Survey of Colorado and New Mexico by F. V. Hayden.
Washington, 1809. 8vo. Thunbekg (Carl Peter). Descriptio acridii. In the Nova^Acta Regise Societas Upsa-
liensis. Upsal., 1815. 8vo. Vol. VII. Hemiptei'orum maxillosorum genera illustrata. In the Mdmoires de I'Academie
imperialedes sciences de St. Petersbourg. St. Petersburg, 181/5. Tom. V, 4to. Trusalis insecti genus illustratum. In the Nov. Act. Reg. Soc. Upsal., torn. IX,
1827. Uhler (Philip R.) In The Complete Writings of Thomas Say on the Entomology of
North America, edited by J. L. LeConte.
'— In Harris's Treatise, 3d ed., 1862.
In Scudder's Materials for a Monograph of the North American Orthoptera.
Orthopterological Contributions. In the Proceedings of the Entomological
Society of Philadelphia, vol. II. Philadelphia, 18C1. 8vo.
WAI.KEE (Francis). Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera saltatoria in the British Museum. London, 1809-71. 4 vols. 8vo. (Acrididffi, pts. 3-5.)
Walsh (Benjamin D). Grasshoppers and Locusts. In the Transactions of the Illinois State Agricultural Society, 1801-1801. Springfield, 1805. Vol V, 8vo.
The Hateful Grasshopper. In the American Entomologist, 1809. St. Louis,
1869.
Westwood (John O.) Drury, Illustrations of Exotic Entomology. London, 1837-42.
3 vols., Ito. An Inti'oduction to the Modern Classification of Insects. London, 1839-40. 2
vols., 8vo. (Orthoptera, vol. I.)
F ^ R T I.
THE ACRIDIDAE OF THE UNITED STATES.
V
INTRODUCTION
111 order that this synopsis may be useful io (liose who have not time nor desire to devote much attention to entomology, yet for practical purposes or pleasui'e wish to identify species, I give such explanations as are necessary for this purpose,
AcrididyE is the name of a flimily of insects belonging to the order Or- THOPTERA. This Order embraces a large number of species, which differ much in appearance and characters, and are known in this country generally by the common names earwigs, cockroaches, ■ devils-horses, walking-sticks, grasshoppers, and crickets. Each of these names, except the next to the last, represents a distinct family of the order, thus :
Earwigs - - ForficulidEe.
Cockroaches - Blattidse.
Devils-horses Mantidse.
Walking-sticks - - * Phasmidse.
( Acrididae.
Grasshoppers S ^ ...
^ ^ . ( Locustidse.
Crickets Gryllidas.
It will be seen that the common name, grasshojipers, embraces two fam- ilies, Acrididce and Locustklm, but these are quite easily distinguished from each other. Loeustidse includes those species usually found on the grass and trees, which have very long thread-like antennae — generally, longer than the body of the insect ; the tarsi, or feet, are four-jointed, and the female has au exserted ovipositor more or less curved and sword-shaped. Most of the species have wings, yet there are a number entirely wingless, which reside on the ground.
Acrididae includes those species which usually reside on the ground, and are distinguished from the Locustidae by the following characters : The antennae are comparatively short, never exceeding the body in length, and composed of from fifteen to twenty-five joints;* the tarsi are three-jointed; the
* The autennse of some exotic species are shorter than the head, and consist' of but six to eight joints ; the statement in tlie text applies to North American species. 2 a
10
female is furnished at the tip of the abdomen with four very short corneous pieces, two of which curve upward and two downwaixl This family includes the locusts of the eastern continent (the seventeen-year locust of the United States is a very different insect, "belonging to an entirely ditferent order). The common red-legged grasshopper, which often does much injury to the crops in the States, is a familiar example of this family, and the destructive grass- hopper of the West is another.
The Acrididse undergo an imperfect metamorphosis ; that is to say, the larvaa and pupae resemble the perfect insects, except in size and in the devel- opment of the wings. This is also true of all orthopterous insects, and forms one of the characteristics of the order.
THE EXTERNAL STRUCTURE AND TERMINOLOGY.
In describing the insect it is to be understood as in its natural position — on its feet, the front legs standing forward, the middle and posterior ones backward, and the wings closed. As a matter of course, to examine the wings we must spread them, and to see the under side of the insect we must reverse it ; but the rule applies to the relative position of the parts described. The vertex of the head is considered the extreme front, and the tiji of the abdomen the extreme posterior. 'Anterior" or " before ""will then signify in the direction of the front of the head; "posterior'' or "behind," the opposite direction; "above," toward the upper surface or back; and "beneath'' or " below," toward the under surface. The entire external surface is consid- ered as divided into four planes, reaching from one extremity to the other, as follows : The " back " or " dorsum,'' which is the upper surface, horizontal ; the under or "ventral'' surface also horizontal; and the "sides" as vertical planes. It is true, there are wide variations from this theoretical form, espe- cially in those species which approach a cylindrical shape, or where the dor- sum of the pronotum is raised into a high, sharp crest; yet, by retaining the idea of this theoretical form, the shape and position of the parts may be more easily understood where figures cannot be introduced. This idea is to be retained throughout, even in describing the separate parts ; thus, we speak of the dorsum or back and sides of the head, the dorsum of the thorax, &c. "Longitudinally'' and "length'' will then signify in the direction of the length of the- body ; "transverse" and "width,'' from side to side; "height "and "depth," up and down. It may appear useless to add such explanations as
11
these, yet those who <irc but beginners in entomology arc frequently puzzled, in reading the description of a part of the body of an insect, to know in what sense the author uses these terms ; for example, whether " length " means in the direction of the longest diameter of the part, or in the direction of the length of the insect; but by knowing that these terms are always used with reference to the whole insect, there will be no difficulty in understanding the description. It often happens that by following this rule rigidly the width of a part qxceeds its length, yet this must not cause us to vary from it.
The body of the insect is naturally divided into three distinct parts, each bearing certain appendages.
First. The head (Fig. 1, hd) and its appendages, the antemice (Fig. 1, an), and 2^alpi (Fig. 2, pi).
Second. The thorax (Fig. 1, th) and its appendages, the wings and legs.
Third. The abdomen (Fig. 1, ah) and its ajipendages, the cerci (Fig. 1, a-), and ovipositor (Fig. 1, ov).
The head varies considerably in shape, yet the typical -form may be con- sidered an oblate spheroid, with the longitudinal diameter (from the neck through to the face) the shortest, and its perpendicular diameter longest. In some species the upper portion of the front is prolonged into a cone or pyr- amid of greater or less length (as in Tryxalis, Opomala, &c-.) ; in one genus (^Acrolophitus) the vertex rises obliquely upward in the form of a short cone or jjyi'i^mid. Viewed from the side it presents, in many species, a triangle, the face, which forms the longest line, being directed from the vertex ob- liquely under toward the breast {Opomala, Oxycoryphus, Stenobothrus, &c.) ; in other species it presents a parallelogram, the greatest length being up and down {CEdlpoda, Acridium, Caloptenus, Pezotettix, &c.)
In describing the head, its external surface may be considered with ref- erence to four planes — the dorsum, the two sides, and the front.
If a line be drawn across the back part from the posterior margin of one eye to the posterior margin of the other, the portion lying behind this line, reaching to the margin of the pronotum, will represent the occiput.*
* I am aware that I embrace in this area the portion called the vertex by some ento- mologists, the term occiput being applied by them to that part of the skull surrounding the occipital foramen. But as no use of the under portion of this division of the skull is made in describing genera or species, I have limited the term to the upper part, and have extended the area forward to the eyes. This necessarily limits the vertex. But if we take into consideration the fact that in this family the mouth is bent downward
12
The vertex (Fig. 1, vx) is the portion included between the eyes, and extends forward to the point where the head commences to descend to the face ; the extreme anterior point is sometimes called the fastigiwn. The variations in the form and surface of tlie vertex afford important genenc and specific characters. In a few instances it ascends anterioi-ly, is sometimes horizontal, but is generally more or less deflexed ; is advanced and pointed or triangular in front {Tryxatis^ Opomala, Stenobothrus, Tragocejjhala)] is ob- tusely rounded and blunt without carvings [Boojjedon)] is narrow and sligiitly furrowed (^Caloptenus) ; and is broad and even transverse, that is, broader than long. Sometimes the margins are raised so as to inclose a foveola, or shallow cell, between the eyes, which is called the median foveola or central foveola of the vertex. The shape and character of this foveola appear to be constant in the species, and even in some genera, hence its importance; but caution is to be observed in comparing dried specimens, especially dried alcoholic specimens, with descriptions taken from living specimens, and the reverse, as the shrinking often causes considerable variation from what it is when living. The lateral foveola are two small cells situated on the margin of the vertex, one on eacli side near the front border of the eye, sometimes on the upper surface near the edge; in other species immediately below the margin on the deflexed j^ortion. These arc sometimes linear {^Stenobothrus, PI.," Fig. 9), sometimes very small and triangular {CEdipodu), or quadran- gular (PI., Fig. 17rt), but in many genera are wholly absent.
The face ( fades) is the deflexed portion in front extending downward from the antennae to the transverse suture, which separates it from the clypeus; it is generally traversed, up and down, by three carince, or keels, more or less distinct; the median carina or fivntal casta is the one extending down the middle from the fastigium, and in which tluj middle ocellus is placed (this ocellus is shown in Ph, Fig 17, as a round dot between the antennae). This carina is generally more or less sulcate or channeled ; when the channel
and under toward the breast, thereby lengthening the back part of the occiput, this definition will not be found so much at variance with the use oi' these terms in other orders. I would refer to the figure of Necroijhorus amerieamis, in the " Clas.sificatiou of the Coleo[)tera of North America," by Dr. LeConte, page xvii. Here the occiput includes all that part of the skull behind the eyes, and the vertex that between the eyes. While Burmeister (Manual of Entomology, vol. 1, PL 3, Fig. 11), in Uarabus glahrcdus, places the vertex entirely behind the eyes, and calls the portion between the (■yes the "sinciput," limiting the occiput (Fig. 12) to a narrow ring around the neck.
* As there is but one plate, which is placed at the end of tliis work, it will be re- ferred to simply as PI., without number ; and Fig., without the addition PI., always refers to tlu^ woodcuts.
is deep, dividing it into two Iveels, tlie face is said to be quadrkarhfatc. The two lateral carina extend downward from tlie front margin of tlie eyes, often bending outward toward the corners of the face. Between the frontal costa and lateral caringe are the antennal foveolce, or pits, in which the antenna' are inserted. The cheeks {genoi) are the convex portions of the sides below and rather behind the eyes.
Sometimes the tiice is detiexed ; that is, directed under and backward toward the breast {Tr)jxalis, PL, Fig. 12; Opomala, PL, Fig. IG; Oxy- coryi)hus, PL, Fig. G; PyrgoDiorplia, PL, Fig. 10, &c.); but generally it is vertical, or nearly so (see PL, Figs. 1, 3, 4, and 5).
Tlie portion of the head described constitutes the skull, on which are placed the eyes {oculi), the simple eyes (ocelli), and the antennoi. The posi- tion and shape of the eyes afford both generic and specific characters; as regards position, whether on the sides or advanced near the fronts approxi- mate to, or distant from each other, prominent or the opposite, oblique or vertical; in respect- to the shape, whether they are globose, ovoid, elliptical, elongate, or pyriform.
There are three simjile eyes {ocelli) : one (ocellus) is placed immediately above the base of each antennas and near the margin of the eye, and one in the frontal costa between the antenntc.
The anteiince (Fig. 1, an) are inserted in the front of the head a little below the eyes, and consist of a number of joints, varying, according to the species or genera, from fourteen to twenty-four;* they seldom exceed one- half of the body in length, but (in the North American species) are always longer than the head; the usual form is cylindrical, but in many species they are enlarged and prismatic at the base, and in a few are somewhat enlarged at the tips. The joints are numbered from the base toward the apex, the first joint being the largest and suli-globose, or somewhat flattened. The face is terminated below by a transverse suture, called the clypeal or nasal suture (see PL, Fig. 17). The clypeus (Fig. 1, cl ; PL, Fig. \lh) i.s the next piece below the suture, and is usually in the form of a transverse parallelogram, and "tucked" at the sides. Attached to the lower margin of this is the labrum (Fig. 1, lb; PL, Fig. 1 7f) or upper lip, the lower corners rounded, and tiie lower margin generally notched ; the upper Iialf has a quadrangular impi-ession, giving this jiortion the appearance of a separate square
* la some exotic species, as the Proscopim, the number is reduced to seven or eight.
14
piece. The suture which separates the upper lip from the clypeus may be called the labial suture.
The labrum covers the mandibles, or strong corneous upper jaws, which are furnished on the inner margin with strong teeth or serratures, presenting both cutting and grinding surfaces, thus admirably adapting them to the voracious habits of these vegetable-eaters.
Immediately behirld these are tlie maxillce., or under jaws ; the basal por- tion or body is somewhat triangular in form ;' the outer lobe (^galed) is slightly dilated, and has a small joint at the base ; it is hollowed on its inner margin, which covers the inner lobe. The latter is elongate and narrow, terminating at the ape.x with two sharjj teeth. Near the base of these jaws are attached the maxillary palpi, one palpus to each jaw ; these appendages resemble short antennee, and consist of five joints, the first and second being minute, the other three are longer and usually about of equal length.
The under side of the mouth (or in Acrididce, as in many other families of insects, we might more properly say the back or hinder part) is covered by the labium, or lower lip, which is large, and consists of two lobes ; the outer lobe is more or less circular in form, its surface near the exterior margin being crossed by an indenture, which gives to it, when closed, the appearance of- a mandible. This member is also furnished with two appendages (labial palpi), resembling the maxillary palpi, but are shorter, and composed of but four joints, the first or basal joint being very small, and often scarcely per- ceptible. The tongue (lingua) is well developed, thick, fleshy (and some- what spatulate in form in Acridium americanum) ; it is situated immediately forward of the labium and between the maxillas, and its minutely pappillate surface certainly indicates that the sense of taste is well developed.
The iiead is connected with the thorax by the neck (collum), which is but a short cylindrical ring, usually hid by the pronotum ; it is not used in describing genera or species.
The thorax (Fig. 1, th) is the middle portion of the body, to which are attached the six legs, and also the four wings, when present. In order to accommodate the strong muscles necessary to the motion of these members, it is the most robust of the three parts of the body. It consists of three parts, each composed of several pieces : the front portion, which bears the fiist pair of legs, is the p?-othorax ; the middle portion, which bears the middle pair of legs and the upper wings (elytra), is the mesothorax ; the pos-
15
terior portion, which bears the third pair of legs and the under wings (wings proper), and to which the abdomen is joined, is the metatliorax.
The different surfaces of these divisions are distinguished by separate names : thus, the dorsal portion of the prothorax is the pronotum (Fig. 2, pr), and the ventral portion the prosternum ; the dorsal portion of the mesothorax is the mesonotum, and is usually covered by the pronotum ; the ventral poi-- tion is the viesosternum ; the dorsal poi'tion of the metathorax is the metano- tiim ; the ventral surface the metasternuni. The whole of the under surface of the thorax taken together is the sternum (PL, Fig. 8, shows the sternum of Acridium americamun).
The most important of these divisions, in describing genera and species, is the pronotum ; this is the shield which covers the front part of the body immediately behind the head (Fig. 2, ^^r), reaching down the sides nearly or quite to the insertion of the front legs ; it usually extends back on the dorsum of the thorax, so as to cover the base of the elytra (wood-cut, Fig. 2, pr ; see also PL, Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 5); but in the sub-family Tettigince it extends back over the abdomen to its extremity (see PL, Fig. 14), Its surface is considered with reference to three planes — the upper surflxce (dorsu?n), and the two sides ; but there are wide variations from this typical form. When these areas are clearly distinguishalile (as in Pyrgomorpha, PL, Fig. 10 ; Oxycoryphus, PL, Fig. 6 ; Eomxilea, PL, Fig. 2 ; Bracliypeplms^ PL, Fig. 4, and many other genera) there is a raised line, sharp angle, or obtuse ridge running along each margin of the dorsum, where it connects with the side (this is represented in PL, Fig. 4, Ijy tlie double line, which, starting immediately back of the eye, runs to the upper .margin of the scale-like elytra); these are called the lateral carincB. In most species of the family there is a raised line or keel along the middle of the i;)ronotLim called the median carina (wood-cut, Fig. 1, inc) ; this is sometimes bnt an indistinct line (see PL, Figs. 9, 10); in other species it is quite cfistinct ; in some slightly elevated, when it is said to be sub-cristate ; and sometimes (see PL, Fig. 1) it is quite elevated, when it is called cristate. The term carina is sometimes, though with doubtful propriety, applied to the obtusely-rounded angle formed by the deflection of the sides of the jironotum from the dorsum (as in Calop- tenus, PL, Fig. 5, and even in Fezotettix, PL, Fig. 15, where the prono- tum is almost cylindrical). I have, therefore, in some cases introduced the term huinrrus or humeral angle to represent this part when it cannot properly
16
be called a carina. In some cases the sides slope upward to the median carina, leaving no lateral carina or angle (as in Tropidolophus^ PL, Fig. 1, and Tropidacris) ; in other cases (as in Mesops, Boopedon, PI, Fig. 11 ; some species of Opomala^ &c.) the pronotum is cylindrical. The lateral carinee afford important generic and specific distinctions, by their relation to each other, shape, &c., as to whether they are parallel or convergent, straight or curved, continuous or interrupted. The front margin of the pronotum seldom presents any angular points, being usually obtusely rounded or truncate; but the posterior extremity generally extends backward, in a rounded or angular form, upon the base of the elytra ; in a few cases (as Chrysochraon, and some species of Pezotettix in which the elytra and wings are wanting) the posterior margin is truncate. The posterior lateral margins are the hind margins run- ning down from the extremity of the dorsum to the posterior angle of the sides.
The body of the pronotum is generally divided into four lobes by three transverse sutures or impressed lines (these are quite distinct in Fig. 2 of the plate) ; the lobe, or portion next the head, is the anterior lobe, the hindmost one the posterior lobe, the other two the middle lobes. In many species the two anterior impressed lines are indistinct or wanting, but the posterior one is nearly always present, except in the Tettigince. These hnes are sometimes designated by the numbers 1, 2, and 3, beginning with the front one and counting backward.
The general form of the pronotum affords very important characters ; sometimes the width is uniform and the sides are parallel; sometimes they diverge posteriorly ; at other times they approach each other in the middle, in which case the pronotum is said to be constricted, but this term applies only when the narrowest point is between the extremities. Its surflice also varies — is smooth, punctured, rugose, or tuberculate..
The mesonotum and metanotum are hid by the pronotum and the wings, and are not used in descriptions except in the case of a few wingless species of Pezotettix.
The prosterrium, or under side, of the prothorax is short, and is either smooth — that is, it is without either tubercle or spine — or it is furnished witli an obtuse tubercle, or a conical spine, called the prosternat spine (PL, Fig. 8, sp^. The species furnished with this spine are said to have the prosternum armed or mucronate {Opomala, Mesops, Romalea, and all of the group Acridini) ;
17
when the prosternum is without a spine it is smooth or unarmed (as Tryxalis, Pyrgomorpha, and the entire groups CEdipodlni and Tettigini). This spine is either subcyhndrical or cuneiform, obtuse or acute, straight or curved, &c. ; these differences furnishing either generic or specific charaters. Those species without the prosternal spine generally have the prosternum marked with a transverse curved groove more or less distinct.
The mesosternum is the broad piece of the under side that lies between the middle legs, and is marked with one or more indentures. It varies slightly in form, and may be used in describing species, though I believe this has not been done except in a few instances in Fischer's Ortlioptera Europea. The pieces in front of the middle legs, extending obliquely up the sides, are the episterna of the mesothorax; the pieces situated externally to and adjoin- ing the insertion of the middle legs are the epimera of the mesothorax.
The metasternum is the under surface of the metathorax, and is situated between the bases of the hind legs, and is usually marked with a single or double indenture in the middle. The episterna and epimera of the metathorax correspond very nearly in relative position with those of the mesothorax.
These thoracic rings on their internal face furnish support for the strong muscles necessary for the vai'ious movements of the wings and legs ; and if we strip them of their appendages, and cut off the posterior projection of the pronotum, limiting it to the length of the prothorax, we will at once see that they are true homologues of the abdominal segments, changed from the typical form only so far as is necessary for the support and operation of the organs of locomotion.
The legs, as in other insects, are divided into several parts or joints as follows : The coxa (Fig. 2, ex) is the basal joint by which the leg is connected to the body; it is short in Acrididce, but is usually enlarged. The trochanter, which is the next joint, is small, and can be best seen in the anterior pair of legs. The third piece or joint is the thigh (femur), and is the largest portion of the leg (Fig. 2, fm). The fourth piece is the tibia or shank (Fig. 2, tb), and is attached to the tip of the femur. The terminal portion, which rests upon the ground, is the tarsus or foot (Fig. 2, tr), and is composed of three joints; the first, or basal, and the third (or terminal) joints being longer than the second (or middle) joint. The first has two transverse indentures on the under side, which give it the appearance, when seen on this side, of being three pieces, thus making the tarsus appear five-jointed; l)ut seen from above, 3 A •
18
this shows but one, and the entire tarsug but three joints. The tliird or terminal joint is furnished at the tip with two claws (ungues), between which in all the groups except Tettigini there is a circular piece or pad {pulviUus, ¥ig.2,pl).
The posterior legs are much longer and stouter than the anterior or middle pair, in order to fit these insects for leaping. The thighs or femora are swollen or incrassated near the base* to accommodate the muscles neces- sary for this purpose. The external face, which is sometimes called ihedisk, is marked by numerous alternate minute ridges and furrows running obliquely inward and forward from each margin toward a longitudinal middle furrow, giving the entire disk a pinnate appearance; hence these minute ridges are sometimes alluded to as the innncB of the femur. The disk is bounded above and below by a small but usually distinct carina. Along the middle of the upper edge runs another keel, to which the name up2)er or superior carina is \
frequently applied. This is sometimes simply a raised line or angle; but in other cases, especially in some genera of the group CEdipodini, it is quite promi- nent. The inferior edge is generally channeled for the reception of the tibia when folded up. The outer margin of this channel or sulcus is the loicer or inferior carina, and generally corresponds in prominence with the upper one. The femur affords some useful characters in describing species, by its length as compared with that of the abdomen; by its size, whether comparatively slender (PL, Fig. 1) or broad (PL, Fig. 5), by the greater or less prominence of its carinse, &c.
The method by which the tibia is articulated with the femur admirably adapts it for leaping. The apex of the femur is suddenly exjjanded vertically, but deeply channeled, leaving a plate on each side, between which the base of the tibia is inserted. This has here two short right-angular bends, the articulation being at the sides of the first angle with the lateral plates of the femur; thus leaving a short lever extending upward, to which the strong extensor muscle is attached. The flexor muscle is attached beneath in the
* The base is the end by which a part is joined to the body directly or indirectly ; thus the base of the abdomen is the part by which it is joined to the thorax. The base of the autenufE is the iiart by which they are connected with _the head ; the base of the elytra or wings, the part by which they are joined to the thorax; and the base of the tibite is the part which joins the femur and not the end that rests on the ground. Tip or apex always signifies the part or end oi)po.site the base. The only doubtful use of these terms is that with respect to the prouotum, the tip in this case being the pos- terior extremity.
19
second angle, which enables the insect to draw the tibia upward into the channel of the femur.
The posterior tibiae are furnished at the apex with about four strong spines, pointing downward, to give secure footing in leaping. The posterior face is furnished for about two-thirds of its length from the apex with two rows of spines, one row on each margin.
The organs of flight consist of two upper wings, elytra^* and two under wings, to which the name wings (alse) is usually applied.
The elytra (Fig. 1, el) are generally in the form of an elongate oval, or an elongate parallelogram narrowed at the base and rounded at the apex. In the perfect insect they usually reach to or extend beyond the tip of the abdomen; but there are numerous exceptions to this rule, in many species being much shorter than the abdomen, and in a few wholly wanting. When the elytra are absent, the wings are also absent. When folded and at rest a portion lies horizontally upon the back, the remainder and much the larger portion being deflexed vertically against the sides of the abdomen. The upper edge, which forms the margin of the suture along the back when they are closed, is usually termed the posterior or anal margin by most authors, as they consider them spread; but I usually employ the word "upper" in allud- ing to this portion, as I consider them closed when describing them. I also usually call the opposite edge the lotoer margin — by most authors named the costal or anterior margin. The area of each elytron is divided into three fields by two strong longitudinal nerves; the larger of these nerves (or veins, as they are sometimes called), which runs a little distance from and sub-parallel to the anterior or lower margin, is the extenio-median nerve; the other, which runs from near the middle of the base obliquely upward toward the posterior or upper margin, usually reaching it a little beyond the middle, is the interno- median nerve. The three fields into which the area is divided have received different names in order to designate them without circumlocution: The anal, posterior, or upper field is the portion between the interno-median nerve and upper margin, and rests horizontally on the abdomen when the elytra are closed. The anterior, marginal, or loicer field is the portion between the externo-median nerve and lower margin, being the lower area on the side when the elytra are closed. The discoidal, intermediate, or middle field is the space between the two nerves mentioned ; it is very often referred to simply
*By some authors these are termed hemelytra, by others tcgmina. Walker usually calls them forcwimja.
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as the disk of the elytra. The angle of the elytra is the longitudinal ridge formed along the interno-inedian nerve by the sudden flexure from the hori- zontal to the vertical portion when closed.
When describing the wings they are supposed to be fully spread (Fig. 1, wg)* The terms disk and base are sometimes, though not properly, used interchangeably, referring to the moiety of the wing next the body. At other times disk is properly applied to the middle portion. I use the term sub- marginal area to designate that portion between the anterior margin and next strong nerve; margin, when used without any qualification, signifies the front margin. The nerves, or veins, are the ribs which run from the base to the outer margin, f and form the lines of plication when at rest. The nervules, or veinlefs, are the minute transverse ribs running from one nerve to another. When these are placed regularly like the rounds of a ladder, they are called scalariform. In many species, especially of CEdijwdini, the basal half of the wing is colored red, yellow, or some other bright color, which is often bounded exteriorly by a black or fuscous band, extending across the face from the anterior to the posterior margin, generally curving along the latter to or toward the jyosterior or anal angle ; in other species the greater portion of the wing is black or fuscous, while in a large number the entire wing is pellucid.
The abdomen is the posterior part of the body which is attached to the metathorax (see Fig. 1, ab). It is generally sub-convex on the under side, and slightly comi)ressed laterally or sub-carinate above. It is composed of some Bight or nine corneous rings or segments, which decrease in size toward the apex (though in some genera, as Caloptenus and Pezotettix, the terminal seg- ments of the male are somewhat enlarged). The typical number of segments of the abdomen, according to Lacaze-DuthiersJ (who is followed by Dr. Pack- ard in his " Guide to the Study of Insects"), is eleven. But if we count the dorsal segments in the female to and including the point where the upper and lower plates separate for the extrusion of the ovipositor, there are really l)ut nine. It is true that the ninth, which folds over the upper valves of the ovipositor, shows two transverse folds besides the terminal piece over which the pre-anal plate rests ; each of these is counted as a segment by Lacaze-
* Only the portion of the wing next the base is here shown, the apical half being omitteil.
f In Fig. 1 these appear as rays riinuing outward from the point where the abdomen joins the thorax ;" those from wg back to the abdomen belong to the wiug.
\ Ann. des. sci. nat. XVII, 1852, (recherches sur I'armure gcuitalc female dcs iusectes orthopteres), 207.
21
Duthiers, thus making the eleven; but the incisions marking these folds are incomplete, not reaching the lower margin of the plate. Between the second of these folds and the terminal piece on each side issues a short process, not extending beyond the apex of this piece ; these appendages are the cerci (Fig. 1, cr).
Fischer* says the abdomen in both the male and female consists of nine distinct segments. Westwoodf remarks that the inferior surface of the abdomen in the male consists of eight segments, but only of seven iu the female. Lacaze-Duthiers says the sub-genital plate is formed hj the seventh sternite (ventral segment) ; yet, in his figure, PI. XII, Fig. 1, it is marked as the eighth. If we consider the piece which projects forward into the posterior margin of the metasternum (see PI , Fig. 8, the square piece in the middle of the posterior margin with an oblong projection forward), as belonging to the venter, and as representing the first sternite, which I am inclined to think it does, then there are eight ventral segments (sternites) in the female and nine in the male.
Each abdominal ring is, or is supposed to be, composed of six pieces soldered together, three to each lateral half; but, for all the purposes of the present work, we may consider them as composed of but two pieces or plates — an upper or dorsal plate called the tergite or dorsal segment, and the lower plate called the sternite or ventral segment. The under surface of the abdomen as a whole is the venter.
On each side of the basal segment is a large cavity, either of a serai- orbicular or lunar shape, which is closed on the inside by a very slender skin of a whitish color. This is the tympanum, and is supjiosed by some ento- mologists to have a certain influence upon the act of stridulation, while others believe it to be the organ of hearing ; the latter appears to be the more generally received opinion at present.
The apex of the ventral portion in the males curves upward somewhat in the form of the prow of a vessel ; this curved portion, in some species, appears to form the last ventral segment (sternite), but in others a transverse impression is seen separating the apical surface from the rest. This apical portion has received several different names ; as, sub-genital lamina, sub-anal plate (Fig. 2, sap'), &c. In some genera and species ( Tryxalis, Mesops, some Opomala, &c.), the tip is entire ; while in others it is notched.
* Ortliop. Europ., 286. tMod. Classf. Insec, I, 457.
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The pre-anal lamina or super-anal plate is the triangular piece which in both sexes lies over the anal aperture.
The ovipositor (Fig. 1, ov) of the female consists of four corneous pieces, two of which curve upward and two downward, usually called the valves; but Lacaze-Duthiers, who has made the genital organs a special study, applies different names to the separate pairs, thus : the upper pair are his ejiisternitcs , because they are above the little central piece, which he considers the repre- sentative of the ninth sternite; the lower pair are his tergo-rJiabditcs*
Dr. Packardf says, "The ovipositor, with its accessory pieces, consists of a sub-genital plate formed by the seventh sternite ; the ninth segment is com- plete, and the blades (tergo-rhabdites), composing the ovipositor, consist of three secondary pieces united together between them.''
INTERNAL STRUCTURE.
It is impossible to convey a correct idea of the internal structure with- out the aid of figures, which I am unable to give in the present work ; and, moreover, I have nothing to add to what has already been published by Marcel de Serres, Burmeister, Lcion Dufour, Siebold, Lacaze-Duthiers, and others, yet the following general statements may be of some interest to the young entomologist into whose hands this work may fall.
The nervous system, according to L^on Dufour,J consists of a double nervous chord, extending from the head to the tip of the abdomen along the lower part of the body, expanding at various points into ganglia, which emit a greater or less number of branches to the right and left. These ganglia are classed in three groups, according to the part of the body in which they are situated — cejjhalic, thoracic, and abdominal. The cephalic ganglion is the largest of the number, and is deeply emarginate in front, giving it the appearance of being somewhat bilobed ; in Tryxalis this feature appears to be most strongly marked. In each of the thoracic divisions there is a gan- glion, that of the metathorax presenting the largest number of branches. The abdominal ganglia, of which there are some six or seven, are all small except the last, which is next in size to that of the head, emitting to each side three important branches, connected, doubtless, with the generative organs. This
* Why he calls these tergo-rJiabdites, when they are below the steruito, I do not understand (see his Plate XII, Fig. 2, i). t Guide to Study Ins., 567. fReeherches sur les orthopt^res, &c., Inst, de Prance, torn. 17, 1841.
23
system is more prominently developed in the Acrulida than in any other family of the order, which has induced Lc'on Dufour to give them the highest rank in the order.
The digestive system consists of an alimentary canal extending almost direct from the mouth to the extremity of the abdomen, which is divided by constrictions into four apartments or divisions. The first (cesophagus) is somewhat inflated in its posterior half, giving it a sub-conical shape, and is contained in the thorax. The proventriculus proper, which is found in other families of this order, is wanting in the Acriduke, its functions, according to L(ion Dufour, being performed by the pyloric valve, which is situated at the posterior extremity of the first portion, where it joins the next. The second, according to the author named, is the chylijic ventricle, and is the longest por- tion of the canal, though not more expanded than the postei'ior portion of the oesophagus ; its form is sub-cylindrical. The two last divisions are some- what smaller than the previous ones, and constitute the intestines. The hepatic organ consists of a number of simple, elongate, cylindrical filaments, uniting with the digestive apparatus at the junction of the second and third apartments.
The salivary ghmds are but sliglitly developed in this family, reaching their simplest form in the Tettigince.
The respiratory apparatus of the Acrididce. does not differ materially from that of other insects, consisting of a number of elastic anastomosing tubes or tracheae, which have their origin and communicate with the external air at the stigmata, or little mouths, one of which is placed on each side of the tho- racic and first eight abdominal segments.
The ovaries consist of two tubes, which are attenuate for a short distance near the base (posterior extremity, where they unite), but beyond which they are inflated, terminating at the extremity in a long, slender, cylindrical tube. From the inner side of the inflated portion extend a number of multilocular tubes, tapering to the extremity ; these, when fully expanded, resemble, in their position and appearance, witli regard to the main tubes, the teeth of a comb ; but their natural position is one of great beauty, folded together from each side, with their points projecting forward, appearing like delicate chains. The seminal receptacle consists of a pedunculated vessel, whose closed ex- tremity is dilated into a pea-shaped vesicle, forming the capsula seviiiiis.
It has been repeatedly stated that the species of this fixmily lay their
24
eggs in" a cocoon-shaped mass, covererl with a tough, glutinous secretion, varying in number from fifty to one hundred. This may be a very common method, but is by no means universal. It is the method followed by the migratory locusts of Europe, and, from what I learn, I am' satisfied it is the same with the destructive migratory species {Caloptenus spretus) of -the West; but it is not the method followed by Aa-idium americanum, whicli I have noticed digging into and depositing its eggs in the hard-trodden ground. I have also obtained the eggs of C. femur-ruhrwn in rotten wood, where they were placed, without any apparent regularity, and without connection by any glutinous secretion. Mr. S. I. Smith has noticed the same thing in regard to Chlcmltis conspersa, except that the eggs are placed in two rows.
All the species, so far as I am aware, lay elongate-cylindrical eggs, those of Clilceultts cotispersa, according to Mr. Smith, being about 0.25 of an inch in length, while those of CEilipoda coralUpes, according to iny own observations, are about 0.80 of an inch long, and slightly bent. The young of the latter species, just before leaving the eggs, are exactly like the young larva, the legs being neatly folded against the sides of the venter and sternum, the tarsi resting against the sternum ; the antennae are laid down over the sides of the face.
The eggs are usually laid in the latter pai't of the summer or in autumn, and remain in their place of deposit until the following spring or summer, when they are hatched ; yet it would appear, from the number of larvas we often see late in autumn, that some species in the southern and central portions of the United States produce more than one brood in the year; but our information is not sufficient to speak positively on this point.
These insects attain their full growth by simple moltings, the larvae and pupae resembling the perfect form, except in size and development of the wings. According to Zinnani, the Italian Calopteni undergo their first molt- ing about the fortieth day after exclusion from the egg, the second about twenty days afterward, and the third about sixteen days later; but the num- ber of moltings does not appear to be uniform in the different genera, six being the number usually given by the different authors. According to Koppen,* Pachytylus migratorius moults four times, the fourth moult pro- ducing the perfect insect.
The sounds which aremadebytheAcrididae, according to Mr. Scudderatid * HoriB Soc. Ent. Eoss., iii., pp. 89-246, teste Zool. liec, IV, (1807). 459. '
25
Landois are produced in two ways: first, by rubbing the inner surface of the hind legs against the outer surface of tlie elytra ; and, second, by rubbing together the upper surface of the front edge of the wings and the under surface of the elytra. According to Landois,* the inner surface of the hind femur is fur- nished along the lower margin with a longitudinal row of minute, elegant, lancet-shaped, elastic teeth, varying in number from eighty-five to ninety- three, which are scraped across the nerves of the elytra, thus producing sound.
The species which employ the first method stridulate while at rest, pro- ducing a low buzzing sound ; this is the usual, I hough not universal, method of the Stenohothri. Those Acridida which produce sounds by rubbing their wings and elytra together, stridulate only during flight, and, as remarked by Mr. Scud- der,t " are nearly all confined to the genus CEdipoda," producing a sharp crack- ling sound, resembling the noise of burning stubble, f Each species appears to have its peculiar note, so that, having a knowledge of the Orthoptera of a given locality, we can at once distinguish the species by the sound made. The soft, pattering sound made by some species of Acridium and Culoptenus during flight is probably due simply to the beating of the air by the wings, as it does not appear to be confined to sex ; the males only of grasshoppers being furnished with apparatus for producing notes.
* Zeitschrift fiir wissenscbaft. Zoolog., XVII, 1867, 117. t Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XI (1867), 313.
I From this fact we may safely couclude that the species mentioned in the Boole of Joel was an CEdqwda, and most probably Q^dipoda (Pachytylns) migratoria. 4a
EXPLANATION OF WOODCUTS.
Acridium americanum, Drary (Figs. 1 9 and 2^). Fig. 1.
th
Fig. l.—hd, head; th, thorax; ab, abdomen; an, antennae; vx, vertex; mc, median carina of the pronotum ; el, elytra ; wg, wing ; cr, cercl ; ov, ovipositor.
Fig. 2.
,Pt '^'^ tr PI
Fig. 2.— c?, clypeus ; ?&, labrum; pi, palpi; pr, pronotum; ra, coxa; /m, femur; tb, tibia ; tr, tarsus ; pi, pul villus ; sap, sub-anal plate.
-L
CLASSIFICATION.
Although I have devoted much time to the study of the Orthoptera for a number of years past, yet my opportunities for examining exotic species and types of foreign genera have been too limited to enable me to form an arrange- ment of the various divisions and subdivisions wholly satisfactory to myself. Yet in a work of this kind, as some system must necessarily be adopted, it is proper that I should indicate that which I prefer, as it must, to a greater or less degree, determine the characters selected to distinguish the different groups, and the comparative value I attach to them.
It is comparatively easy to arrange the different families and groups of Orthoptera in a continuous series, if we select some j^rominent character, and confine ourselves to its form or development ; but wlien we attempt to classify according to the development of the entire insect in its various stages — that is, according to a natural system — we experience great difficulty, and conse- quently find entomologists arriving at very different conclusions. If we select alternately the external anatomy, the nervous system, digestive apparatus, genital organs, &c., we shall find that each will lead to a result different from the others. For example, if we take the nervous system as our guide, the result wiU be to place the Acrididce at the head of the order, and, according to L^on Dufour, the Orthoptera at the head of the class. On the other hand, if we examine the digestive apparatus, we find the salivary glands and ali- mentary canal of the same family the least developed of any in the order, except possibly the ForficulidcB. Lacaze-Duthiers, who has studied with much care the genital organs of the various orders, states that, if we take the development of the ovipositor as a guide, the divisions of this order will arrange themselves as follows : Locustidce, GryllidcB, Mantida, Phasmidce, Blattidce, Acrididce, FoificulidcB ; thus placing all the families of the non-salta- torial genuine Orthoptera between the two sections of Ihe Saltatoria. If we take the embryological development as a guide, I am incHned to think, judg- ■ ing from the shape of the egg in the different families and the embryo of the Acridii. that the Locmtidce would stand near the head, while the Acrididce would drop to the toot ; but the embryology has not been sufficiently studied
30
to speak with confidence on this point, yet this conckision corresponds precisely with the result of Lacaze-Duthiers's examination of the genital organs. These contradictions are so well balanced that the preponderance is not sufficiently marked to form the basis of a system of classification ; and hence we find the families arranged by different authors in almost every possible combination.
Before presenting some of these arrangements as examples of the forego- ing statements, it is, perhaps, proper that I should state, that while I do not hold the Darwinian doctrine of development by natural selection, yet I am rather disposed to accept the idea of "acceleration and retardation" in a somewhat modified form, and as limited within the range of the different " branches." Yet this theory has for its basis, and is really but a slight mod- ification of the opinion, long held by many naturalists, that the highest form of a given type (one of the grand divisions of the animal kingdom), in its passage from the germ to the adult state, assumes for a time the lower and intermediate forms of that type.
This theory, properly limited and modified, I am disposed to accept, even witli the additional ideas of acceleration and retardation ; yet this I believe to be wholly distinct from and incompatible with the theory of abso- lute development of higher from lower forms, as generally understood. I would not have alluded to this subject in this work, except for the fact that at the present day all attempts at classification appear to be more or less influenced by the opinion entertained in regard thereto.
In a natural arrangement the various groups stand exactly in the same relation to each other that they would if developed from the lower to the higher forms ; and this must necessarily be the case, whether the doctrine of development be true or false.
The position of the Acridiclce in the division Articulata will be found by tracing the various subdivisions as follows, the order given being descending :
C Class Insecta.
Gra'fid division Articulata \ Class Crustacea.
(^ Class . - Annelides.
The highest of these three classes is Insecta, which is again divided into three subordinate divisions, as follows :
[ Sub-class. . Insecta.
1
Class Insecta \ Sub-class Arachnida.
I
[ Sub-class - - Myriapoda.
31
The sub-class Insecta, or true hexapod insects, is the highest in this series. It divides into orders, as follows: I. Those in which metamorphosis is distinct :
1. Pupa inactive :
Orders : Hymenoptera, Colcoptera, Lcpidoptera, Diptera.
2. Pupa active :
Orders : Hemiptera, Orthoptera.
3. Pupa variable :
Order : Neuroptera. II. Those which do not undergo metamorphosis : Orders: Arioplura, Thysanura.
The order given here is considered as descending, but the arrangement of the series is by no means a settled question with entomologists. I prefer » that of Dr. Packard, given in his " Guide to the Study of Insects," to any other which I have seen. This system, starting with the Neuroptera as the lowest in the scale, ascends in two branches — one through the Diptera and Lepidoptera to the Hymenoptera; the other through the Orthoptera and Hemiptera to the Coleoptera, the latter branch not reaching quite as high a point as the other. He places the Orthoptera, not directly above the Neu- roptera, but sub-parallel to that order.
Illustrating the positions and relations of these various groups by the idea of development of the higher from the lower, and omitting the interme- diate steps, we would consider the Orthoptera as arising from the Crustacea, the intermediate non-metamorphosing groups — Anoplura and Thysanura — as representing those which had been retarded, and as connecting more directly with the Neuroptera. Following out this idea, I would, as a matter of course, so arrange the various families of Orthoptera as to bring those which approach nearest to the Crustacean form to the foot of the series, excej^t so far as necessarily modified by organization and development. And this brings us again to the consideration of the arrangement of the various families of the order.
Linnaeus,* in the later editions of his " Systema Naturae," separates the Forficula from the rest of the Orthoptera, and unites them with the Coleoptera as its last genus. The rest of the order he places under Hemiptera, thus :
* For !X more coinplete statement of the arrangement by Linna?uR, see Mr. Scnd- der's iiaper on the " Arrangement of the famihes of Orthoi)tera," Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XH (1SC9), 228.
32
1. Blatta.— (Blattidas.)
2. Mantis. — (MantidiE and Phasmidae.)
3. Gryllus. — (Gryllidse, Locustidse, and Acrididse.)
The third group, which embraces the three families Grryllidae, Locus- tidse, and Acrididas of the present day, he divides as follows :
1. Acrida. — Head conical, as long as the thorax ; antennae ensiform.
(Acrididse in part.)
2. Bulla. — Thorax carinate ; antennae shorter than the thorax ; tiliform.
(Acrididae in part.)
3. Acheta. — Tail with two setae.
(Gryllidee.)
4. Tettigonia. — Tail of the female sword-bearing; antennae setaceous.
(Locustidse.)
5. Locusta. — Tail simple ; antennte filiform.
(Acrididse in part.)
Westwood, in his " Modern Classification of Insects," separates the For- ficulidse from the rest of tiie Orthoptera, and raises it to a distinct order, to which he applies the name Euplexoptera, placing it next the Coleoptera ; the remaining families are arranged in the following descending series : *
Sec. I. Cui'soria Blattidse.
Sec. II. Eaptoria Mantidas.
Sec. III. Ambulatoria. . - - Phasmidae.
( Achetida3 (Gryllida3).t
Sec. IV. Saltatoria < Gryllidae (Locustidas).
V Locustidce (Acrididae). Serville, in his " Histoire des orthoptferes," adopts the following arrange- ment, which, according to Fischer, is ascending :
r Forficulariae.
c, T /M • Blattariae.
Sec. i. Cursona <
I Mantides.
[ Phasmidae.
* Fischer (Orthop. Enrop., 291) evidently alludes to this a-rraugement of Westwood as ascending; but this is certainly a mistake, as he expressly places Orthoptera below Uoleoptera, and connects by Forficulidns (Euplexoptera) Mod. Classf., I, 29.
t Tjc names in pareutheses are the present equivalents of those opposite, thus : the AchctidiB of Westwood is our Gryllidaj, &c.
33
( Gryllides.
Sec. II. Saltatoria . . . . _ < LocustariEe.
v Acridites.
Burmeister, in his " Handbuch der Entoiiiologie," exclude!^ the Forficu- lidae, forming them into an order under the name Dermaptera, and arranges the 'other families in the following ascending series ;
Blattina.
Mantodea.
Phasmodea.
Acridiodea.
Locustina.
Gryllodea.
Ml-. Scudder adopts substantially the same order in his paper on the "Arrangement of the families of Orthoptera,"* which is there given in the following descending series :
- Gryllides.
Locustarise.
Acrydii.
Phasmida,
Mautides.
Blattarise.
Forficularife.
Fischer de Waldheim f excludes Forficulida^, and places the other fam- ilies in the following order :
Blattidaj.
Mantidse.
Phasmidse.
Gryllidse.
Locustidje.
Acrididae.
L. H. Fischer, in his "Orthoptera Europaja,'' removes the Forficulidse, for which he adopts the name Labiduroidaj of Dumeril, and arranges the remaining families in the following ascending order :
* Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XII (1869), 228. 1 1 have not seen bis work.
.5 A
34
Sec. I. Cursoria Blattina.
^ ^-r ^ . ( Mautodea.
bee. 11. brressona <
( rhasmodea.
Sec. III. Saltatoria <
^ ,, , 1 Gryllodea fossoria. Gryllodea ^ ,, ,
(jrryllodea genuina.
Sec. II. Gressoria.
Sec. IV. Fossoria
Locustina. ^ Acridiodea. Fieber's arrangement* is as follows (supposed to be descending): Tribe I. — Orthoptera genuina :
Sec. I. Cursoria Blattina.
Mantodea.
Phasmodea.
Acridiodea.
Sec. III. Saltatoria ■( Locustina.
Gryllodea. Gryllotalpina. Xyodea. Tribe II. — Harmoptera - Forficulinn.
Walker, in his "Catalogue of the Saltatorial Orthoptera (Dermaptera)," remarks that he prefers the system of Fischer, who considers Acridium to represent the highest group.
The latest and perhaps the best arrangement (if it is to be considered ■ as descending) is that of M. Brunner de Wattenwyl, as follows, and is simply a reversal of the arrangement of Burmeister and Scudder :
Forficularia.
Blattaria.
Mantodea.
Phasmodea.
Acridiodea.
Locustodea.
Gryllodea.
At the time my. "Notes on the Saltatorial Orthoptera of the Rocky
Moiuitain Regions " was written I had not seen, or, at least, my attention had
not l)een called to, this system of Brunner de Wattenwyl. If it is considered
as descending, it agrees exactly with the order I adopted in that paper, which
« * Gruudlage zur Kenntuiss der Orthopteren Oberschlesiens, vou Oberlehrer Kelch.
is as follows, aiul which, as yet, 1 see no reason for changing, although, as there stated, I have some doubt as to the proper position of the Forficulidge :
Sub-order 1.- — Pseudo-Orthoptcra Fam. 1. — Forticulidse.
Sub-order II. — Orthoptera genuina:
Tribe 1. Cursoria . Fani. 2. — Blattida;.
( Fam. 3. — Mantidse.
Tribe 2. Gressoria
C Fam. 4. — Phasmidse. Tribe 3. Saltatoria : *
Sec. 1. Brevicaudes Fam. 5. — Acrididse.
C Fam. 6. — Locustidai.
Sec. 2. Ensicaudes
( Fam. 7. — Gryllidse.
While I l>elievc this is the most natural arrangement of the genuine Orthoptera that can be adopted, I do not consider the series as continuous throughout, but look upon the Locustidse and Gryllidte as parallel to each other, some genera of the former standing higher in the series than any of the latter, while other genera reach, perhaps, a lower point in the scale.
The arrangement of the subdivisions of the Acrididse, although differing considerably in the worlds of the various authors, yet, in regard to the relative position of the groups, has been subject to much less variation.
I give below some examples illustrating the method which has been adopted in reference to these subdivisions. •
Linnaeus, in the 13th edition (12th reformed) of his " Systema Naturae,'' divides this family into three groups :
* Head conical, longer than the thorax ; antennae ensiform AcrUJa.
** Thorax cariuated ; autennaj shorter than the thorax ; filiform Bulla.
•** Tail simple ; antennae filiform Locusta.
The first of these corresponds to Truxalides, the second to Acrydia, and the third to Grylli of Fabricius.
Serville's arrangement is as follows :
I. A pulvillus more or less distinct between the claws of the tarsi ; mouth not covered. SpoiifjiphorL
A. Antennae sub-conic, not more than 8 joints, shorter than the
. head, which is pyramidal or horizontal : body always apterous. . Proscopides.
B. Antenme as long or longer than the head, and prothorax united,
multi-articulate :
a. Face more or less oblique ; antennae ensiform ; head pyr- amidal or prolonged in front Truxalides.
36
b. Face vertical :
* Antennfe rarely ensiforni ; their joints distinct; ver- tex flat, triangular ; front advanced between the
antenn£E in a blunt cone Conophori.
** Antenu£E filiform or setaceous ; articles indistinct ; front convex. Acridites.
=. Prosternuni spined Mucronati.
= =. Prosternuni unarmed Mutici.
II. Pulvilli absent; mouth covered; pronotum extending over the ab- domen Tetricidites.
Burmeister's arrangement cannot be shown without inserting his entire
Hst of genera ; but as it is that upon which Mr. Scudder's is based, I give the
entire synoptical table :
I. Hind legs saltatorial ; femora enlarged at the base :
A. Anterior margin of the presternum not elevated, truncate :
a. Antenn;e G-7-jointed ; each sex apterous Proscopia.
h. Antennae more than 8-jointed :
1. Antennaj distinctly acuminate:
a. Joints of the antenn® triquetrous Truxalis.
aa. Joiutsoftheantennreflat; marginsacute; presternum armed:
b. Pronotum cylindrical ; median carina slightly elevated Copiocera.
bb. Pronotum cristate :
c. Each margin acute; each sex winged ; antennfe ensiform Xrphocera.
cc. Each margin rounded ; male, winged ; female, apterous or
sub-apterous ; antenna} moniliform at the apex Pampliagus.
bbb. Pronotum flat ; median carina elevated Ehomalea.
aaa. Joints of the antennae terete, globose, or claviform Pwcilocera.
2. Antennae not acuminate toward the apex; either filiform or clavate.
'a. Prosternum spined; mandibles and maxillae acutely dentate:
b. Median carina of the pronotum much elevated ; the lateral
margins rounded :
c. Median carina cristate behind Monachidnim.
cc. JNIedian carina cristate in front or equally elevated Acridium.
bb. Median carina scarcely elevated :
c. Margins of the pronotum acute :
d. Face oblique Oxi/a.
dd. Face vertical : Caloptenus.
cc. Margins of the pronotum rounded ; no median carina Ommatolampis
aa. Prosternum not spined ; mandibles not dentate ; maxillae obtusely dentate ;
b. Head obtuse, perpendicular (Edijmda.
bb. Head sub-acute ; face deflexed Oompliocerus.
AA. Anterior margin of the prosternum elevated ; mouth covered :
a. Each sex winged :
b. Pulvilli between the claws of the tarsi , Ommcxeclia.
bb. Pulvilli absent Tetrix.
aa. Each sex apterous Batrachotetrix
TI. Posterior legs scarcely saltatorial ; femora not enlarged at the base . . Pncumora.
37
The following are the larger sections of Fischer's synoptical arrangement of the European Acridii in his " Orthoptera Europasa :"
I. Anterior margin of the prosternum truncate, not elevated :
A. Antenna; triquetrous near the base, acute toward the apex,
rarely filiform; elytra and wings present. (This includes Tryxalis, Pyrgomorpha and Opomala.)
B. Anteunse depressed or sub-filiform (rarely clavate or sub-clavate
at the apex) :
a. Prosternum unarmed. (This includes Ghrysochraon, Oxycory-
phits, Paracinema, Stenobothrus, Epaeromia, Stauronotiis, (Edipoda, SpJiinctonohts, PacJiytylus, Thrincus.)
b. Prosternum with an equally elevated protuberance, not
standing out free. (Includes Stetheopliymn, Pampleurus.)
c. Prosternum distinctly spined. (Includes Portlietis, CucuIU-
gera, Acridhim, Caloptenus, Pezotettix, and Platyphyma.)
II. Anterior margin of the prosternum elevated; the mouth inclosed
by ample folds as with a muffler; meso- and meta-sternum transverse, arcuate : A. Each sex winged ; pulvilli wanting •- Tettix.
Mr. Scudder indicates the following arrangement of the subdivisions in the tables at the end of his " Catalogue of the Orthoptera of North America:"
I , ProscopidiE.
II ■ Truxalidae.
ni» Conophori | Xiphocerid^-
IV ( ( Pceciloceridse.
V Mucronati.
VI Mutici.
VII -Tetricides.
All of these sub-families, except the first, are represented in the North American fauna, and all, except the first and fourth, in the United States.
Walker's arrangement of the Acrididas in his " Catalogue of the Der- maptera Saltatoria," is not complete ; but as it is the most extensive that has been published, I insert it, so far as it refers to the larger subdivisions which
he terms " limited families :"
A. Claws of the tarsi furnished with pulvilli Spongiphori.
a. Antennaj C-8jointe*l Fam. 1.— Proscopidse.
flfl. Antenme multi articulate :
b. Head produced ; face very oblique :
c. Elytra narrow Earn. L'.— Tryxalidse.
cc. Elytra broad - Fam. 3.— Trigouopterygidse.
bb. Face sub-oblique or erect : e. Autenn;e acuminate:
d. Joints of the anteunie fiat:
e. Antenna' ensiform; females winged. Pam. 4. — Xiphoceridaj. cc. Antenna- moniliform near the apex. Fam. 5. — Pamphagidae. dd. Joints of the antennae terete Fam. 0.— Phymatidae.
38
ee. AuteuiuE filiform ; joints iudistiuct :
d. Prosteruum spiued Fam. 7. — Acrididie.
dd. Prosternuiu unarmed Fam. 8. — CEdipodidse.
B. Claws of the tarsi without pnl villi Fam. 9. — Tettigidre.
Brii liner de Wattenwyl's plan, of which I have seen but a short abstract,* appears to vary considerably from all the foregoing. It may be indicated by stating that the North American genera, so far as named, would stand as follows ; the first approaching the Phasmidse and the last the Locustidse : Tryxalis, Oxycoryphus, Chrysochraon, Stenobothrus, Gomphocerus, Stau- ronotus, Stetheophyma, CEdipoda, Pyrgomorptia, Tettix, Acridium, Pezotettix, Caloptenus, Platyphyma. Why Pyrgomorpha is taken away from the vicinity of Tryxalis, and placed after Qi^dipoda, and near to Tettix, I cannot possibly imagine, and am inclined to think that Walker has made some error in his list.
An examination of these different arrangements of the leading divisions of the famil}' will show us that the authors agree in selecting the same lead- ing characters by which to distinguish the principal groups. The first and most prominent of these is the strongly-marked difference between the Tettigi and the rest of the flimily. The extended pronotum, the elevated prosternuin, covered mouth, and absence of pulvilli at once mark this as a separate group in the eyes even of an unscientific observer, each of these characters being peculiar to it, and any one of them sufficient to distinguish it from the rest of the family. This, therefore, will require us to divide the family into two chief divisions, which may very ]n"opcrly be termed suh- families^ Acridin^ and Tettigin^.
In the Acridinas, which is much the larger portion of the family, the prolongation of the head in front in the form of a cone or pyramid and the usually accompanying oblique face, form the chief characteristics of a large group, and as these reach the maximum in the Proscopini, and are accom- panied by a slender l>ody bearing a strong resemblance to the Phasmidse, they are therefore very properly considered as forming the connecting link with that family.
So far we experience but little difficulty in our attempts to classify; but as we recede from the Phasmidte in the direction of the Locustidas, the head decreases in length, losing gradually its conical form, the face approaches the vertical position, and one after another of the accompanying characters fades
* Walk. Cat. Dermap. Salt., V, Supp., 114.
39
away, while others appear so gradually that it is difficult to tix the boundaries of the groups. The connection between the Proscopini and Tryxalini is sufficiently marked to bring them into conjunction in a continuous series; but passing downward from the latter, the question arises, shall we be guided by the sub-conic front, oblique face, and slender body, or shall we select, as * ruling characters, the acuminate antennae and prosternal spine? In the former case the QCdipodini must necessarily follow Tryxalini, and then we would scarcely be justified in thrusting a group between the ffidipodini and Acri- dini ; yet Xipliocerini appears misplaced if located below either of these groups. Another difficulty, in arranging a single series, is experienced in forming the connection with the Locustidse — not that we fail to find genera in the t^YO which are sufficiently assimilated for this purpose — but, to do this the Tettigi must be tlu'own back into the middle of the family, as Walker indicates Brunner de Wattenwyl has done. Yet, any one who has studied this order must have noticed the strong resemblance between the Tettigi and Tridactyli ; and the anatomical researches of L(^on Dufour show this external similarity to be more than fancied, for he remarks, "The genus Tetrix (Tettix), founded by Latreille, appears to have been created by nature to serve as the connecting link between the Tridactyli and Acridii." It is evident, then, if we are guided by these prominent characters, we must place the Tettigi as near as possible to the Grryllidge, and that Tettiginae as a sub-family must stand below (according to the descending series I have adopted) Acridinse as a sub-family. ' . ♦
i have not had an opportunity of studying either the Trigouopterygi or Xiphocerides, and therefore hesitate to suggest an arrangement including these groups ; nevertheless, I propose the following as perhaps approximating a natural aj.-rangement of the various groups of Acridinas :
I._Sub-fam. ACRIDIN^.
Divis. 1. CONOCEPHALIDES. ■
Group 1. — Proscopini. Group 2. — Tryxalini. Groiq) 3. — Trigonoiiterygini.
Divis. 2. — Okthocerides. Divis. 3. — Xiphocerides.
Group 4. — CEdipodini. Group 6. — Xipliocerini
Group 5. — Acridini. Group 1{\). — Fhymatini[\).
40
II.— Siib-fam. TETTIGINiE. Group 8. — Tettlgini.
By this arrangement the second and third divisions are considered as parallel, the former connecting with the first division by the form of the head, while the latter also connects with the first division by the form of the antennae. As a matter of course, these characters are not the only affinities. By this plan the transition from Tryxcdis, through Opomala, Pt^rsomorpha, Oxycoryphus, Stenobothrus, &c., to the typical CEdipodce, is natural and gradual ; whether the same thing is true in regard to the other branch, I am unable to say.
As it is necessary in a synopsis or catiilogue to form one continuous series, I shall place the groups in the order that they are numbered.
As will be seen, I use the termination idee to designate the families ; irne to designate the sub-families ; and iiii for the next lower division ; this appear- ing to conform to modern usage in other departments of zoology. By adopt- ing this method, the comparative importance of the group is at once known by the termination of its name.
The relations of the sub-families and groups to each other may be seen by the following somewhat artificial synoptical table :
I. Anterior margin of the prosteruum truncate, not elevated; claws
of the tarsi furnisbed with pulvilli ; prouotum shorter than
the abdomen Sub-fam. 1. — AcridirKe.
A. Antennae C-8-joiuted ; not longer than the head Group 1. — Proscopini.
A A. Antenna; multi-articulate ; longer than the head:
a. Head produced in front in the form of a cone or pyramid ;
face very oblique ; antennaj ensiform, triquetrous :
b. Elytra narrow Group 2. — Tnjxalini.
lb. Elytra very broad Group 3. — Trigonopterygini.
aa. Face sub-oblique or vertical :
b. Antennas filiform, sub-depressed or clavate; joints in-
distinct :
c. Prosternum unarmed Group 4. — (Ediiwdim.
ce. Prosternum spined Group 5.—Acridiiii.
bb. Antenna; acuminate ; joints distinct ; front more or less
advanced between the antenna^ in the form of a blunt
cone :
c. Joints of the a^ntennae flat _ Group G. — Xiphocerim.
cc. Joints of the antenme terrete Group 7. — Plujmatini.
II. Anterior margin of the prosternum elevated; claws of the tarsi
without pulvilli ; prouotum extending to tip of the abdo- men Sub-fam. 2.—Tcttkfmw.
A. Prosternum unarmed Group 8. — Tettlgini,
41
In this arrangement the two groups, Xiphoceridse and Panipliagidte, given by some authors are included in Xiplioccriui, as the differences between the t^^•o do not appear "sufficient to raise them to the dignity of groups ; but I confess my hack of acquaintance witli the generic forms belonging to these divisions.
All of these groups, except the first, third, and seventh, have representa- tives in North America, and also in the more limited Orthopteral fauna of the United States, as will be seen hy reference to the following synoptical table of genera:
Classification of North American Genera*
I. — Sub-fam. AcRiDiNiE.
Group 1. — Proscopini. Has no representatives iu Noitb Aiuerica.
Group 2. — Tryxalini.
Genera: Tryxalis, Acburuiu, 21csnps, Opomala, Ichtbydion, Pegasidiou, Spbena- rium, Pyrgoinorplia.
Group 3. — Trigonopterygini. Has no representatives in Xortb America.
Group 4. — CEdipodini. Genera : Hippiscus, Macbrerocera, Oxijconjplius, Chrysochraon, Acrolophltm, Pedi- osccrtetes, Stcnolothrus, Qomphocerus, Stetlieophi/ma, Tragocephala, Tomonotus, (Edipoda, Tropidolnphus, Hippopedon, Stauronotus^ Leprus, Boopedon, Bracliypeplus.
Group 5. — Acridiiii.
Genera: Dactylotum, Pezotettioo, Plafyphyma, Ommatolampis, Calopfenus, Pcepedetes, Pedies, Calacris, Chromacris, Acridiicm, Tropidacris, Lopbacris, Monacbidium.
Group 6. — Xiphocerini. Genera : Bhomalea, Xipbocera.
Group 7. — rhymatini (/). Has no representatives in Nortb America (?).
II. — Sub-fam. Tettiginje.
Group 8. — Tettigini. Genera : Tcttix, Tittigidea, Batrachidea, Cboripbyllum.
I do not feel any great confidence in regard to the position of the follow- ing genera, named by Mr. Saussnre, as I have seen neither figure nor speci-
Tbe genera in italics are represented in tbe United States fauna.
6 A
42
men of them : Achurum, Ichthydion, Hippopedon, Hippiscus, Leprus, Poepe- dates. Pcdies, Pegasidion, and Macliserocera — they are Mexican. I think, from Charpentier's figure and description of Dactylotum, that it belongs near Pezotettix, and, therefore, have placed it there. The transition from Acridini to Xipliocerini, by Lophacris and Rhomalea, would be gradual, but for the intervention of Monachidiuni; I am not acquainted with this genus, and have given it the present position at a venture. The passage to the Tettigi is abrupt, and. unless the gap is filled by newly-discovered forms, must neces- sarily remain so.
GEOGEAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES OF NORTH AMER- ICAN ACRIDID^.
It is somewhat difficult to determine the boundary-lines of the different North American Orthopteral districts, but the most natural appears to be- the division into seven districts, as follows :
1. British America ;
2. Eastern United States (from the west line of Missouri, or eastern
border of the Great Plains, to the Atlantic coast) ;
3. The Rocky Mountain district ;
4. The Pacific coast ; •
5. Mexico ;
6. West Indies ;
7. Central America.
I will, therefore, adopt this division, distinguishing between the northern and southern portions of Nos. 2 and .S l)y the letters n and s in decided cases.
Distribution of the genera.
Tryxalis 2s
Aclinriim 5
Mesops 2,3
Opouiala 2,3,5,0,7
Ichthydiou 5
Pegasidion 5
Spbeuarium 5.G
Pyrgomorpha 2s
Hippiscus 5
Machffirocera 5
Oxycoryphus 3,5
Chrysochraon 1>2,3
Acrolopliitus 3
Pedioscertetes 3s
Stenobotbrus 1,2,3,5,6,7
Gomphocerus 2
Stetheophyma 1,2«
Tragocephala 2,3,4
Tomonotiis 3,5
Tropidolo2)biis 3
Hippopedon 5
Stnuroiiotus 3
CEdipoda 1,2,3,4,5,0,7
Leprus 5
Boupedou 3
Bracbype])lus 3,5
43
Distribution of the genera — Continued.
Dactylotum 5
Fezotettix 1,2,3,4,5
Platyphyma - 3m,5
Omiiiatolaiui)is 3,5
Caloptcnus 1,2,3,4,5
Pceiiedetes 5
Pedies 5 Tettigidea
Calacris 5 Batracbidea
Cbromacris 2s Ohoripbyllum
Acridium , . . . . 2,3,5,0,7
Total number of genera, 45.
Tropidacris 2s,5,7
Lophacris 5
Monachidiuni 7
Rhoiualea 2s,5
Xipbocera 5
Tettix 1,2,3,5,6
2
2,5
6
Distiibution of species.
Tryxalis brevipennis, Thos
Arburum sumicbrasti, Sauss
Mesops wyomingensis, Tbos
cblorizans, Tbos
Opoinala cariData, Tbos
aptera, Scudd
bracbyptera, Scudd
puiictipeuuis, Serv
bivittata, Serv
neo-mexicana, Tbos
varipes, Serv
marginicollis, Serv
crassipes, Walk
mexicana, Sauss
stenobotbroides. Walk...
Ichtbydion uiexicanum, Sauss
Pegasidion volitans, Sauss
Spbenarium purpurascens, Cbarp . .
mexicanum, Sauss, . . .
Pyrgomorpba brevicoriiis. Walk . . .
puuctipenuis, Tbos. .
Hippiscus ocelote, Sauss
Macbaerocera mexicana, Sauss
Oxycorypbus obscurus, Tbos
toltecus, Sauss
burkbartiauus, Sauss.
mexlcanus, Sauss
aztecus, Sauss
totonacus, Sauss
zapotecus, Sauss
montezuma, Sauss...
tibialis, Walk
Chrysocbraon viridis, Tbos
conspersum, Tbos. . .
•J.S
5
3
2s,5{?)
2
2rt
2(i,3tt
2s
2s,3
3s
2s
2s
5
5
7
5
5
5,G
5
2s
2s
5
■ 5
3
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
. 2
1,2
Cbrysocbraon punctnlatum, Thos. .
abdoniinalis, Tbos. . .
Acrolopbitus-bii'tipes, Thos
Pedioscertetes nevadensis, Tbos.. . Stenobotbrus occipitalis, Tbos
coloradus, Tbos
tricariuatus, Tbos . . . .
admirabilis, Ubl
subconspersus, Walk.
speciosus, Scudd
maculipenai'i, Scudd.
iEqualis, Scudd
biliueatus, Scudd
propinquans, Scudd . . curtipeunis, Scudd.. .
clavatus, Tbos
occideutalis, Sauss. . .
brunneus, Tlios
quadriinaculatus,Tbos
gracilis, Scudd
pelidnus, Thos
mysticus, Sauss
viatoiius, Sauss
gregartus, Sauss. . . .
tepanecus, Sauss
mexu;anus, Walk
decisus, Walk
arctatus. Walk
viridissimus, Walk . . . nobilis, Walk
Gompbocerus simplex, Scudd
Stetbeopbyma liueata, Scudd
gracilis, Scudd. . .
platyptera, Scudd.
3»
3
3s
3
3
3
2,3
2s
2«
2,3
2»
2n
2n
2,3
3
2s
3
3
2^
2n
5
5
6
5
5
6
7
7
5
2n
2n
-[,2,1
2n
44
Distribution of species — Continued.
Tragocepbala obiona, Thos
liaciflca, Thos
iufuscata, Harr
viridifasciata, Harr.
Tomonotus sulpliureus, Sauss
xantliopterus, Thos . . .
carinatns, Thos
tcuebrosus, Thos
mexicanus, Sauss
nietanus, Sauss
otomitus, Sauss
Tropidolophus formosus, Thos
Hippopedon saltator, Sauss
Staurouotus elliotti, Thos
OEdipoda venusta, Stal . .
marmorata, Ubl
costalis, Scudd
wyoiningiana, Thos
collaris, Scudd
sequaUs, Ubl
yerruculata, Scudd
sordida, Burm
longipeBuiSjTlios
caroHua, Serv. . : .
fenestrabs, Serv
eup.erata, Uhl
haydenii, Thos
gracibs, Tbos
kiowa, Tbos
ciucta, Thos ....
pbittei, Thos
luaritima, Uhl ,.
uudulata, Thos.
carliugiana, Thos
trifasciata, Wabc
boffmanuii, Thos
iicglecta, Tbos
moutana, Thos .
coralbpes, Hald
baklemaunii, Scudd
paradosa, Thos. . .
rugosa, Scudd .' 2
discoidea, Serv
pbcenicoptera, Germ .
parviceps, Wabc
atrox, Scudd
pebucida, Scudd
haiteusis, Sauss
3 4 2
2
2,3 o
2n
2»,3
5
5
5
3
5
3
4
2«
2s
3
3
2
l,2n
2,3
3s
2s
2rt
3
3
*> o
3
3
2«
3
3
o
o
3s
2,3
3n
3
3
3
,3,4(?) 2
2,3
4
3«,4
2«
6
CEdipoda pardaliua, Sauss
suniichrasti, Sauss
mexicana, Sauss
tolteca, Sauss
tentatrix, Walk
speciosa. Walk
transtrigata. Walk . . . pabidipenuis,Burm. . .
Leprus elephas, Sauss
Boopedou uubiluiu, Thos
flavofasciatum, Thos.
Bracbypeplus magnus, Girard. .
virescens, Charp .
Dactylotuin bicolor, Charp . . , . .
Pezotettix obesa, Tbos
picta, Thos
glaciabs, Scudd
manca, Smith
borckii, Stal
zimmermauuii, Sauss. . .
lougicornis, Sauss
nebrascensis, Thos
uuicolor, Thos ,
edax, Sauss
scudderi, UJiI
borealis, Scudd
dodgei, Thos
septeutrioualis, Sauss. .
mexicana, Sauss
samichrasti, Sauss
Platypbyma moutana, Thos
azteca, Sauss
mexicaua, Bruuii
Omniatolampis vh-idis, Thos
mexicaua, Sauss. . Caloptenus turubullii, Thos
repletus, Walk
scriptus, Walk ...
bilituratus. Walk
fasciatus. Walk
occiden talis, Tbos. . . .
punctulatus, Uhl
femur-rubrum, Burm . I,
spretus, Uhl
grisous, Thos
bivittatus, Uhl
differentiabs, Thos
extremus, Walk
5 5
5 5 5 7 5 5 5 3
3s 3 5 5
3n
3s l,2n
2w 4
2s
2s
»> o
2
2s
2
l,2;i 3s 1 5 5 3m 5 5 3 5 3 4 4 4
2n
2,3,4(1)
1,2,3
2n
'>, ^
45
Distribution of species — Continued.
Caloptenus arcticus, Walk
selectus, Walk
mexicauus, Walk.
borealis, Fieb. .- .
Pcepedetcs corallimis, Sauss. .
Peilies viresceiis, Sauss
Calacris pudica, Walk
Chromacris colorata, Walk
Acridium frontalis, Thos
uniliueatum, Walk . .
rubiftiuosum, Harr..
alutaceum, HaiT
emarginatiim, TJhl . .
ameiicauum, Dru . . .
ambignum, Thos . . . -
obscurum, Burin
shosboue, Thos
inscriptum, Thos
pectoralis, Thos
concoloi', Thos
simulatrix, Thos . . . .
diversiferuin, Thos . .
cubense, Sauss
toltecum, Sauss
picifrons, Walk. ...
vitticeps, Walk
scutellare, Walk . . . .
vicarium, Walk. . . .
strenum, Walk
varipes, Walk
luridescens, Walk. . .
proprium, Wallc
pautherinum, Walk.
o
1
5
o
5
2s
3
2»
2s
2n
2,3
2s
2s
2s
3s
6
G
5
G
(?)
6
5
5
5
5
5
5
G
7
5
Acridiuin olivaceum, Serv
6
Tropidacris dux, Scudd 2s,5,7
Lopbacris velasquezii, Scudd 5
Monacbidium superbum, Stai 7
Ebomalea ceuturio, Burm 2s
marci, Serv 2s
eques, Barm 5
pedes, Sauss 5
pecticoruis. Walk 5
auricornis, Walk 5
Xiphocera pygmea, Sauss ... 5
inclarata. Walk 5
Tettix grauulata, Wliite l,2n
ornata, Harr 2
arenosa, Burm • 2
cucullata, Burm 2
femorata, Scudd 2
triangularis, Scudd 2»
rugosa, Scudd 2s
oxycf pbala, Burm 2s
barrissii, Pack 2re
mexicana, Sauss 5
chlchimeca, Sauss 5
azteca, Sauss 5
puri)urascens, Serv G
Tettigidea lateralis, Scudd 2
polymorjiba, Scudd 2
Batracbidea cristata, Scudd 2n
■ carinata, Scudd 2n
tolteca, Thos 5
Choripbyllum rbombeum. Walk G
plagiatum. Walk. .. 6
Total number of soecies, 227.
NOTES ON SOME UNITED STATES SPECIES.
It is possible that Tryxalisbrevipennis does not belong here; but, being found in a l)oftle of insects collected in Florida by Professor Glover, I have ventured to place it in our fauna.
Mesops chlorizans is an extreme southern form, Florida being the only place at which it has been found in the United States It is quite probable that it is identical with Opomala mexlcana, Sauss. O. aptera, Scudd , and O. hrachyptera, Scudd., are the only northern species of the latter genus, which, as a whole, is southern. It is also worthy of notice that the northern species have the organs of flight much abbreviated or partially wanting.
The species of Pyrgomorpha are southern, Tennessee being the most northern and western locality at which they have been found.
Chrysocliraon extends from Canada into the Southern States and as far west as the Rocky Mountains, but C ahdominalis, Thos., is the only species that has been observed west of the plains. The genus, as a whole, appears to be northern.
Acrolophilus and Pcdloscertetes are western forms, the former being con- fined chiefly to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains from the southern border of Colorado to Central Wyoming ; the latter has been found only in the southeast part of Nevada.
Stenobotkrus is represented throughout the greater portion of North America; S. curt'ipcnnis, Scudd,, appears to be more widely distributed than any other species, extending from New England in the east, and Red River of the North in the central portion, south into the Southern States, and west to the Rocky Mountains. S. admirahUis, Uhl., is confined chiefly to a middle belt running west from Eastern Maryland to and even upon the plains of Kansas; it is possible* it is found in the Southern States.
Stetheophyma has been observed only in the northeast and at the Red River settlements of British America.
Tragocephala is not a well-defined genei;ic form ; standing between the two chief divisions of the CEdipodmii it partakes somewhat of the characters
47
of both. It extends east and west from the Atlantic to the Pacific, but its northern and southern range is not known. T. viridifasciata is common from Maine to Mississippi and from Florida to Nebraska.
Tomonotus, although given here as a distinct genus, is by no means a well-defined group, some of the species approaching so near some CEdipodce that there are no generic characters by which to separate them. It is repre- sented throughout* the United States and in Mexico. The specimens of T. sulphureus, from the south (Tennessee especially), which I have examined, appear to have tlie crest of the pronotum slightly more elevated than those from more northern and western sections. T. xanthopterus and T. carinatus are probably only varieties of T. sulphureus.
T. teucbrosus is widely distributed over the west, from the western line of Minnesota south to Indian Territory, west to the Rocky Mountains, along which it ranges from New Mexico to Southern Montana.
The only species of Stauronotus found in the United States appears to be confined to the higher plains and plateaus of the Rocky Mountain regions.
Tropidolophus is represented by the single species T. formosus, first dis- covered and named by Mr. Say. It is confined to the plains along the east base of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado.
CEdipoda, even as at present generically restricted, is the widest spread genus of the entire family, and to it belong the earliest geological remains of the flimily. It contains some of the most destructive species of the eastern continent ; but in North America only one species [CE atrox) is known to be migratorjp, and this is confined, in its migrations, to California.
CE. Carolina, the most common and perhaps the best known species, is found everywhere throughout the United States, unless it be California; and I presume it is found there, but, so far, I have no positive evidence of it. Throughout this broad extent of comitry and the widely differing climates, it varies very little from its eastefn type, not enough to constitute a variety.
If CE. corallipes, haldemannii, paradoxa, rugosa, and discoidea be con- sidered as varieties of but one species (discoidea), SiS future investigations may prove to be the case,* then it will have to be counted as one of the very com- mon and generally distributed species of this ubiquitous genus. CE. rugosa is found from New England to Dakota and south to the Potomac and Ohio ; CE. . corallipes and kaldemarinii, from Eastern Nebraska to Utah ; CE.
* See my discussion of tbis question in Hayden's Geol. Surv. Territories, 1872, p. 720.
48
discoidea, throughout the Southern States ; and CE. imradoxa, from Utah norlli lo Montana.
]}oi,pedon is confined to the plains east of the Rocky Mountains from Wyoming south.
Brachypeplu,<< is found from Southern Dakota to Mexico.
Pezotettix obesa lias been found only at high points, 7-10,000 feet above the sea, in Southern Montana and near Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming ; P. picta, along the east base of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado south to New Mexico ; P. glacialis and manca are confined to the extreme northeast ; P. borchii to California.
Platypliyma is scarcely generically distinct from Pezotettix, and should be merged into that genus. P. montana^ found at high altitudes in Southern Montana, is the only species known in the United States, but other species have been obtained in Mexico.
Ommatolampis viridis, our only species of this genus, ranges from South- east Nebraska to Southern Colorado.
Caloptenus is another genus that is represented in all portions of the earth. _ Although found on the great ^ilains of the West, it appears, as a general rule, to seek points of rankest vegetation. To this genus belongs our destruc- tive migratory species of the West, C. spretus, which does more injury to farmers' crops than all the rest of the tixmily combined. I have traced it north and south from Lake Winnipeg to Texas, and east and west from the. borders of Missouri and Iowa to Nevada. It does not appear to pass west of the Sierra Nevada range, l)ut more evidence on this point is needed before it can be positively stated. I am inclined to think it is not abundant in Ai'izona or New Mexico, but am not positive on this point. I have met with some stray specimens in Southern Illinois. C. femur-rubrmn is one of the most common grasshoppers in the States; is found from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico, and from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains, and Walker says it is met with on the Pacific coast ; but I very much question the correctness of this statement; in fact, I have some doubt whether the Rocky Mountain variety belongs to this species. C. bivittatus, I believe, inhabits all parts of the United States except California ; and, although preserving the marks of identity, varies greatly in size and general color.
Acridium, as a generic form, which, though well marked, is difficult to describe, appears to be southern, though represented in the North. I am not
49
acquainted with A. unilineafum, Walk. A. rubigimsum, though found in New England and as far west as Illinois, appears to be most numerous in the oak- lands from Maryland to Tennessee. A. alutaceum is a New England species, and in the West (Missouri, Kansas, and Nebraska) appears to be replaced by A. emarginatum, the two being very closely allied. A. americanum is a southern species, extending as far north as Maryland and lUinois.
Tropidacris dux, the giant of the family (for Scudder's T. rex is but a variety of this species), belongs to the tropics, and is included in our fauna upon the authority of Mr. Scudder that he possessed a specimen from Texas.
Rho77ialea centurio {R. marci is probably but a variety of this species) is a southern form extending north in the Atlantic States to North Carolina (possibly to Virginia), and in the Mississippi Valley to Missouri. Walker's R. gigantea from Missouri is evidently R. centurio.
I add here a table for the purpose of aiding in the determination of the United States genera. It is made as simple and concise as possible, and will require but little study even on the part of the youngest entomologist to un- derstand it. It is artificial, and, as a matter of course, no attempt is made in it to retain the genera in their natural order. I have endeavored in it to seize upon the most prominent distinguishing characters of the genera.
Synoptical table of the United States genera.
' I. Pronotum not extending back to the tip of the abdomen ; pulvilli present between the claws of the tarsi : A. Piosternum spined:
a. Pronotain strongly crested ; crest notched ; insects very
large, more than three inches long T Tropidacris,
aa. Pronotum not cristate; species of various sizes, but
none three inches long : h. Auteuna;. acuminate ; joints distinct :
c. Head produced in front ; face very oblique :
d. Pronotum cylindrical ; without lateral carinas ; joints of
the antenna} flat or triquetrous Mesops.
dd. Pronotum somewhat compressed on the sides ; lateral carina; more or less distinct ; joints of the antenna', flat or triquetrous Opomala.
cc. Head not produced; face sub-vertical; joints of the an- tenna; sub-cylindrical Bhomalea.
hh. AntenniB filiform ; joints indistinct :
c. Front border of the pronotum notched Ghromacris.
cc. Front border of the pronotum not notched :
d. Wings as long or longer than the abdomen :
7 A
50
e. Median carina of the pronotnm somewliat prominent;
lateral cariniT3 absent; eyes elongate ; extremity of male
abdomen not swollen AcriMum.
ee. Median carina of the pronotum not prominent; lateral
carinte present, distinct or obtusely rounded ; eyes not
elongate ; extremity of male abdomen swollen : /. Eyes closely approximate above ; vertex sub-liexagonal ;
pronotum sub-cylindrical Ommatolampis.
ff. Eyes not closely approxim ate above ; vertex longitudinally
channeled J lateral carinte of the pronotum sub-distinct
more or less obtusely rounded Galoptenus.
dd. Wings abortive or wanting :
e. Prosterual spine truncated at the tip Platyphyma.
ee. Prosterual spine not truncated at the tip Pezotettix.
AA. Prosternum notspined; smooth or but slightly tuberculate:
a. Prosternum smooth, not tuberculate : - j_^' Antennas enlarged at the base ; joints flat and distinct. ■
c. Head produced in front into an elongate cone, ascending ;
face very oblique - Tryxalis.
CO. Head sub-conical, not or but slightly ascending; face oblique :
d. Face slightly curving inward below the vertex ; antennae
distinctly ensiform, about twice the length of the head ;
elytra longer than the abdomen Pi/rgomorpha.
dd. Face straight; antennae somewhat ensiform, a little
longer than the head ; elytra shorter th^n the abdomen . Oxycoryplms. bb. Antennae filiform or clavate; joints indistinct:
c. Antennae clavate (a flat club at the tip) Gomphocerus.
cc. Antennae not clavate:
d. Median carina of the pronotum, whole length of the pro-
notum, raised into a high, arched, and slightly denticu- late crest Tropidolophus.
dd. Median carina wanting, slight, distinct, sub-cristate or cristate only on the posterior lobe :
c. Vertex ascending obliquely in front of the eyes in the form of a short triangular pyramid :
/. Median carina of the pronotum cristate on the posterior
lobe AcrolopMtus.
ff. Median carina of the pronotum slight throughout Pedioscertetes.
ec. Vertex not ascending in front of the eyes :
/. Posterior mai-gin of the pronotum truncate Chrysochraon.
ff'. Posterior margin of the pronotum rounded or angular :
fl. Elytra in the form of ovate scales ; species large, in- capable of flight Brachypeplus.
gg. Elytra of the usual form :
h. Vertex acuminate in front of the eyes ; head narrow :
j. Face somewhat oblique, straight ; lateral foveolie of ver- tex when present linear Stenobothrus.
jj. Face slightly oblique, somewhat rounded ; lateral fovejaliu .
of the vertex triangular or obsolete Tragoceohnla.
51
hh. Vertex not acuminate in front of tbo eyes ; head globose :
j. Vertex obtusely rounded without lateral foveolai; pro-
notum sub-cylindrical Boopedon.
jj. Vertex more or less obtuse, foveolate ; pronotum more or less distinctly tricarinate :
Jc. Vertex very obtuse ; lateral foveolte short quadrate ; disk
of the pronotum marked with a white cross Stauronotus.
Tck. Vertex more or less obtuse, varied ; lateral foveolas tri- angular :
I. Median carinaof the pronotum sub-cristate, slightly arcuate •
on top, or straight ; not denticulate, continuous ; frontal
costa, above the ocellus, slightly bi-sulcate Tomonotus. '
II. Median carina of the i)ronotum various but not sub-cris
tate, generally more or less notched or interrupted ;
frontal costa not bi-sulcate above the ocellus QSdipoda.
aa. Prosternum obtusely tuberculate Stetheophjma.
II. Pronotum extending backward to the extremity of the abdomen:
A. Pronotum arched roundly Batrackidea.
AA. Pronotum nearly or quite horizontal :
a. Antenna} 13-14-iointed Tettix.
aa. AnteuniB 22-jointed TetUgidea.
ACRIDIDAE.
DESCRIPTIONS OF THE GENERA AND SPECIES FOUND IN THE UNITED
STATES, ARRANGED IN THE DESCENDING ORDER PROPOSED
IN THE PRECEDING INTRODUCTION.
Fam. ACRIDID^, Walk.
Gryllus Bulla, Acrlda^ nniS. Locusta, Linn.; Grt/llus,Yah.; Gr i/ llkles, Zettest.: Locustidce, LeacI;.; Acrydii, Latr. ; Acrlditcs, Serv. ; Acridiodea, Burm.
Anterior and middle legs equal or nearly equal in length, iiMich shorter than the posterior pair; posterior legs elongate, fitted for leaping; the femora enlarged near the base. The tarsi three-jointed; the first joint, which is usually the longest of the three, and much longer than the second, has the under side marked by two cross impressions, which give it the appearance, when seen on this side, of being composted of three pieces; the terminal or third joint is furnished with two strong claws. The elytra and wings, when in repose, rest partly horizontal on the back of the abdomen, and partly deflexed against the sides. The aniennse are shorter than the body, seldom exceeding half its length, and composed of from six to twenty-four joints; they are either filiform, flattened, or ensiform, rarely clavate. The ovipos- itor consists of four short corneous pieces, two curving upward and two curv- ing downward. Most of the species possess wings ; but in a few the«e organs are wanting.
SuB-FAM. I -ACRIDIN^.
Spongiphori, Serv.; Chceradotrachelia, Fieb.
The anterior margin of the prosternum truncate, not elevated; the mouth free and uncovered; the face either vertical or more or less oblique (sloped under and backward toward the breast) ; the posterior extremity of the pro- notum is either truncate, rounded, or angular, and extends backward, at farth- est, but a short distance upon the base of the elytra; the tarsi are furnished with pulvilli, or little pads, between the claws. The species vary in length from half an inch to four inches.
This sub-family admits three divisions, as follows: A. Head produced in front into a cone or pyramid ; face quite oblique ;
antenna} triquetrous ConoccphaUdcii.
A A. Head obtuse or sub-conic ; face vertical or sub oblique ; auteuuai not triquetrous : .
a. Antenna- filiform or clavate OrtJioccridcs.
aa. Antenn;u acuminate Xiphoccrides.
56
Divis. l.-CONOCEPHALIDES.
The head produced in front in the form of a cone or pyramid; face quite oblique, generally straight; antennae enlarged near the base, and acuminate toward the apex; joints flattened or triquetrous, and distinct; the body gener- ally slender; and the posterior femora but moderately or slightly enlarged near the base.
This division may be subdivided into two sections, distinguished from each other by the length of the antennae and number of joints contained:*
A. Aiitenuaj shorter than the bead ; Microcerides.
AA. Autennaj longer tbau the head Macrocerides.
Sec. 1.— microcerides
Head elongatcTConical; face very oblique, nearly horizontal; antennae conic, shorter than the head, consisting of not more than six or eight joints; contains but one group, Proscop'ini.
Group l.-PROSCOPINI.
Proscopldes, Serv.; Proscopidce, Scudd.
There are no representatives of this group found in the United States; and up to this time none have been discovered in North America.
Sec. 2.— macrocerides.
Antennte longer than the head, niultiarticulate. This section contains two groups, Tri/xala/i and 2\lgonopter>jgini:
A. Elytra narrow Tnj.mlini.
AA. Elytra broad Trigonoptcrygini.
Group 2.-TRYXAL1NI.
Gryllus acrida, Linn.; Truxalides, Serv.; TruxalidcB, Scudd ; Tnjxalidce,
Walk.
The head produced in front in the form of a cone or pyramid; tlie face quite oblique but not horizontal; the anteunse enlarged near the base, their
* The entire subfamily misht be separated into two divisions by these characters, as all except the single group I'foscDpiui have the anteinue longer than the head.
s
57
joints prismatic or tlatteued, witii the lateral margins acute, distinct. The body is comparatively slender and graceful, l)ut not so linear and phasma-forin as in the preceding group; the posterior femora are not so much enlarged at the base as in the remaining portion of the sub-family, although slightly more so than in the preceding.
Those who reverse the arrangement adopted here, and consider tlu' passage from the Phasinidce to the Acrldldce as ascending, find in this group some strong arguments in favor of that view, as in some respects, althougli well defined, it is more generalized than any of the following groups. Here we find the cylindrical form and elongate conical head approaching the Pro- scojj'ice, but these two characters are no longer united, at least the maximum of each is not found in any one species. Here, too, we find what might be claimed as the initial point, or point of divergence, of the two great branches of the remainder of the sub-family, the (Edipodiform and the Acridiform; starting with the smooth presternum, we continue with it through Pyrgo-. morpha, Oxycoryphus, Stenobothrus, &c., to the typical ffidipodas; on the other hand, starting at the same point with the tuberculiform prosternal spine in the Opomala, we pass through the Xiphoceridse, to the typical Acridii.
This, group is represented in the United States by four genera, Tryxalis, Mesops, Opomala, and Pyrgomorpha.
Synoptical table of the genera.
A. Prosternum smooth, not spined :
a. Head elongate-couical, ascending Tryxalis.
aa. Head shorter than the pronotum, sub-pyramidal, horizontal
above, or but slightly ascending. _ . ryrgomorplui.
AA. Prosternum armed with a spine or tubercle :
a. Pronotum cylindrical ; eyes not prominent Mesops.
aa. Eyes somewhat prominent ; pronotum usnally distinctly
tricarinate. Opomala.
TRYXA1.IS, Chaa'p. Gryllus Acrida, Linn. ; Truxalis, Fabr. ; Troxallis, Fisch. d. W.
Body elongate, slender. Head ascending obliquely in the form of an elongate cone ; face very oblique ; eyes elongate oval, very oblique, and placed well forward ; vertex elongate, broad, and more or less tricostate, the margins expanding over the antennal foveola?. Antennae as long or little longer than tile head. In-oad near the base, acuminate at the apex, triquetrous. Pro- notum short, tricarinate; sides parallel or nearly s(j ; posterior margin angled 8 A
58
or truncate. Elytra and wings usually as long as the alxlomen, sometimes abbreviated. Abdomen long and slender. Anterior legs very short and slender ; posterior legs long and slender, the femora but slightly enlarged at the base. Prosternum without spine or tubercle, narrow.
Section. — Head ascending. Pronotum with the sides parallel ; anterior border sub-truncate ; posterior border truncate. Elytra and wings abbi'evi- ated. Posterior femora shorter than the abdomen.
Tr. brevipennas, sp. nov.
Female. — Top of the head longer than the pronotum; median carina not very distinct, obtuse, a slight sulcus along each side. Vertex broad, that in advance of the eyes abont equal to the eyes in length ; the median carina dis- tinct on this portion, slightly sulcate; each side of the margins expanding horizontally, and but slightly curved up. The entire head is elongate conical; the four carinse of the face minute and obscure. The antennae scarcely longer than the head, ensiform, triquetrous. Eyes elongate ovate, equal in length to one-third the top of the head ; rather prominent, almost horizontal. Prono- tum short, t'ricarinate, the three carinse equal ; front border obtusely rounded, and advanced somewhat upon the back part of the head; hind border trun- cate ; the anterior lateral margins as they ascend slope obliquely forward ; the posterior lateral margins curve inward, leaving a somewhat acute angle below. Elytra very short, not extending beyond the insertion of the posterior legs; naiTow, lanceolate; longitudinal nerves prominent ; not meeting above. Wings minute. Abdomen very long, sub-cylindrical, slightly carinated above; ovipositor moderately long; super-anal plate longitudinally indented or grooved. Posterior femora considerably shorter than the abdomen, slender.
Color (alcoholic). — Almost uniform pale greenish-yellow — doubtless green when living — immaculate ; the antennae, vertex, and posterior femora pale rufous.
Dimensions. — Length, 1.7 inches; top of the head, 0.28 inch; elytra, 0.25 inch; hind femora, 0.76 inch; hind tibiee, 0.74 inch.
Florida (from Professor Glover's collection).* PI., Fig. 12.
* I find this somewhat anomalous species in a bottle of Ortboptera collected by Professor T. Glover at Pilatka, Florida. Its occurrence there was certainly unexpected to me ; but he says he made the collection there in person, and most of the other speci- mens in the same bottle are well-kiiowu types of the United States fauna. The speci- mens may not be fully developed, but, judging from the ovipositor, they must be very nearly perfect. The short wiugs and short femora may require tlie formation of a new genus.
f)!)
iTIES©P.*!>, Sew.
Body small, slender, cylindrical. Head elongate, produced in front into a cone or pyramid ; vertex generally flat and horizontal in front of the eyes ; face very oblique. Eyes not very prominent, sometimes transverse, and placed midway between the antennae and pronotum ; but in the United States spe- cies these are oblique and placed well forward. Antennae ensiform, prismatic or flattened, about as long as the head and thorax. Pronotum short, cylindri- cal ; lateral carinse obsolete ; median carina feeble. Anterior and middle legs quite short ; posterior legs long and slender, the femora but slightly en- larged at the base and slightly bent. Prosternum spined. Mesosternum and metasternum usually more or less channeled. Elytra (when present) straight, narrow, and usually shorter than the abdomen ; wings as long as the elytra. Abdomen long and cylindrical. Sub-anal plate of the male elongate and lanceolate.
I have slightly modified Serville's generic description, which is controlled too much by the position of the eyes. The short anterior and middle legs, slender cylindrical body, and lanceolate sub-anal plate of the male should separate such species from Opomala. By the slight modification here made, this genus can receive those species which agree in every other respect save the position of the eyes, and thus prevent the necessity of forming several genera.
M. wyomiu^en!i)i!!i, Thos., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1871. Syn., Opomala wyomingensis, Thos., Geol. Siirv. Ter. 1871, 41G.
Small, slender, and cylindrical ; elytra reaching the fifth abdominal seg- ment; sub-anal plate of the male prolonged, lanceolate. Pale green, some- times tinged with red, unspotted.
Female. — Frontal cone elongate, pointed, flat above, scarcely margined ; a shallow foveola each side under the lateral margin. Face very oblique, quadricarinate ; carin^e sharp, divergent, reaching the clypeus. Eyes oblong- ovate, situated near the antennae. Antennae ensiform, triquetrous. Pronotum about as long as the head, truncate anteriorly and posteriorly, cylindrical. Elytra narrow, lanceolate, reaching the fifth segment ; wings small, pellucid. Abdomen cylindrical, elongate, sliglitly enlarged toward the ap^x ; upper cor- niculi of the ovipositor scarcely exserted. Prosternal spine quite short and blunt. Mesosternum slightly furrowed longitudinally on each side.
60
Color (after immersion in alcohol). — Pale greenish-yellow, immaculate ; a bright pea-green when living.
Male. — Differs from the female as follows : Much smaller and slenderer. Vertex more pointed ; slightly margined. Abdomen turned up at the apex, terminating with a sharp lanceolate extension of the last ventral segment. Antenna?, face, vertex, occiput, pronotum, posterior femora, and abdominal appendages pale carneous ; a whitish stripe extends from the lower border of the eye to the base of the middle legs. Intermediate varieties arc common.
Dimensions. — 9 Length, 1.05 inches ; elytra, 0.52 inch ; posterior femora, 0 5 inch. $ Length, 0 78 inch.
Wyoming Territory (Thomas). Figured, Glover, Ills. Am. Ent. Orth., PI. xi, Fig. 8.
M. chBoi'izans.
Syn., Stenacris chlorizans, Walk., Oijt. Dermap. Salt., IV, 652.
Opomala mexicana (?), Sauss., Eev. et Mag. Zool., XIII, 1861, 156.
3Iale. — Very similar in form and size to Opomala fasciculata, Charp. Vertex very narrow between the eyes ; suddenly expanding in advance of these, triangular in front, the part in advance of the eyes is horizontal and slightly rugulose, the part between the eyes roundly deflexed, thus forming a kind of transverse indentation between the two . parts. The face very oblique ; the frontal costa prominent between the antenna?, but below this deeply sulcate, forming two slender but not prominent carinse ; lateral carinse minute. Antennis slightly enlarged near the base, not much flattened, minutely and thickly punctate throughout — but a moderate magnifier is required to see these distinctly — about as long as the head and thorax. Pro- notum cylindrical, without carinse, thickly punctate ; the three transverse impressions somewhat distinct, the second is situated about the middle of the pronotum ; posterior lobe obtusely rounded ; sides of the mesothorax and metathorax thickly punctured. Elytra very narrow, extending beyond the tip of the abdomen, slightly curved up at the apex ; wings a little shorter than the elytra. Posterior femora much shorter than the elytra, and a little shorter than the abdomen ; the disk convex ; the pinnae and median sulcus almost obliterated; terminal joint of the posterior tarsi very long and slender. Super-anal plate subquadrate, with a Hat, blunt tooth at the apex; sub-anal plate ver}' long, with a j^mall tootli each si(l(' at ll)e ap(;x, and tlie middle
prolongation soniewliat spatulale in form, with the sides curved or rolled upward. Pectus concave.
Color (alcoholic) — Uniform pale greenish-yellow; doubtless green when living. Tips of the antennae fuscous ; tips of the spines of the posterior tibia? piceous.
Dimensions. — Length, 1.1 inches ; elytra, 0.9 inch ; posterior femora, 0.5 inch.
Florida (Glover). ' Saint John's Blufl', E. Florida (Walker).
Walker (/. c.) places this in " Group 2 " of his genus Sfenacris, whicii he locates— probably on account of the form of the autenuse — among the Acri- didre proper. The following are the characters given of this group :
" Body very slender, nearly cylindrical. Head smooth, elongate ; ti]i of the vertex flat, prominent, conical ; front (face) much retracted ; keels slight; inner keels converging near the face ; outer keels diverging. Eyes elliptical, oblique, not prominent. Antennae slender, slightly flattened, a little longer than the head and prothorax together. Prothorax finely scabrous, hardly widening hindward ; keel hardly perceptible ; transverse impressed lines very slight ; fore border and hind part of each side sliglitly rounded ; hind border more rounded. Prosternal spine slender, slightly compressed and oblique, rounded at the tip. Legs long, slender ; spines of the hind tibiae short. Fore wings very narrow, as long as the body."
His specific description is as follows :
"Male. — Testaceous green. Head and prothorax with a whitish-green stripe on each side. Eyes livid. Antennae tawny. Wings pellucid. Fore wings with green veins. Veins of the hind wings black, glaucous toward the base and along the interior border. Length of the body, 10 (?) lines ; expansion of the fore wings, 24 lines.''
Notwithstanding, the slight differences between the specimen I have described and this description, I am satisfied it belongs to Walker's species. It is also quite possible that they belong to Opuniala mexicana, Sauss. (Rev. et Mag. Zool., XHI, 1861, 156), as they agree very closely with that species; but it appears rather strange that Saussure should have overlooked the pecu- liarity of the vertex and anal plates, unless his specimens were females ; if they were, this may account for the diflference in size, my specimen, and Walker's also, being mu,ch smaller than the "measurement he has given.
62
OPOTflAIiA, Erichs.
Opsomala, Serv.; XijMcera, Perty.
Head pyramidal ; face very oblique, with four carinee more or less dis- tinct. Antennae reaching the apex of the pronotum, more or . less enlai'ged near the base ; the joints prismatic. Eyes somewhat prominent, oblique, placed near the front and close to the antennae. Pronotum usually tricarinate, sometimes sub-cylindrical and the carinae sub-obliterated ; sides straight, par- allel or nearly so, truncate in front, truncate or obtusely rounded behind; transverse impressions generally indistinct. Elytra straight, lanceolate, some- times reaching to tip of the abdomen, sometimes abbreviated Prosternum furnished with a short, obtuse spine. Anterior and middle legs short; pos- terior generally long and slender.
Synoptical table of the species.
A. Apterous carinata.
A A. Elytra present :
a. Elytra much shorter than the abdomen :
1). Wings wanting - aptera.
hh. Wings jiresent, but minute hrachypfera.
aa. Elytra as long or very nearly as long as the abdomen :
b. Elytra marked with spots punctipennis.
hh. Elytra without spots :
c. Pronotum and head with a brown stripe each side :
d. Vertex short, obtuse; lateral carinae of the pronotum in-
distinct hivittata.
dd. Vertex long, somewhat pointed; lateral carinae of the pro- notum distinct -. neo-niexicana.
cc. Stripes on the sides yellow or absent :
d. Elytra opaque, uniform green ; cone of the vertex long,
pointed - - varipes.
dd. Elytra semitransparent, grayish-green ; cone obtuse tnarginicollis.
O. carinata. "
Syn., Mesops carinatus, Walk., Cat. Dermap. Salt., Ill, 501.
Female. — Piceous, apterous. Head and pronotum with three carinae. Head longer than the thorax ; the part in front of the eyes shorter than that behind them, rounded and not attenuated on the fore border ; front with two carina3, which diverge toward the face. Eyes fusiform, flat, hardly oblique Antennas lanceolate, slightly dilated, nearly as long as the head and thorax. Pronotum longitudinally and very slightly rugulose, truncate in front and at
63
the apex. Prosternum furnished with a transverse ridge. Sheaths of the oviduct lanceolate. Legs slender. • .
Dimensions. — Length, 1.4 inclies.
United States (Walker).
Walker places this species with doubt in Mesops, but the tricarinate pronotuni certainly forbids it a place in that genus, notwithstanding the other characters. I have, therefore, ventured to remove it to Opomala, although I have seen no specimens.
©. aptera, Scudd., Proc. Am. Ent. Soc, iP 305.
Female. — Prolongation of the vertex equals the lengtli of the eye; sides parallel; front rounded. Carinse of the pronotuni distinct, rather sharp. Elytra slender, lanceolate, nearly abortive. Wings wanting.
Color. — Head streaked with reddish testaceous and dull yellowish; ujiper edge of the clypeus bordered with vvhitish; labrum and clypeus dotted with fuscous; joints of the palpi blackish at base; antennae brown. Pro- notuni, abdomen, and appendages brownish.
Ditnensions. — Length, 1.4 inches ; antennse, 0.3 inch; posterior femora, 0.6 inch; elytra, 0.25 inch.
Pennsylvania (Scudder).
O. bra€hys»tera, '■ Scudd., Best. Jour. Nat. His., VII, 454.
Vertex triangular; margins elevated ; a median carina. Face, with the four caiinse distinct, divergent below, reaching the clypeus. Antennse scarcely reaching the apex of the pronotuni. Sides and carinse of the pronotuni parallel; posterior transverse impression distinct. Elytra about half as long as the abdomen; wings very short. Abdomen slender, slightly keeled above. Prosternal spine only a blunt protuberance.
Color. — Brown; dotted faintly above with black. A faint dark stripe extending from the lower border of each eye along the side of the pronotum. Hind femora with a row of black dots on the upper edge; terminal lobe
* This specific nfline has been used some two or three times in this genus. Acri- (Uum brachi/pter^m, Haan (Ve.rz. Nat. Gesch. Ned. Ind. Bez. Ins., 1.50), has been trans- ferred by Walker to this genus with this name, but Scudder's name, being the oldest, talses precedence. I think Schaurn (?) has described a species from Madagascar under this name, but I have no means of reference at present at hand to confirm this opinion or ascertain the date. See also Gerst. Arch. Naturg., XXXV, 21G.
64
dark. Spines tijjped with black. The female is more uniformly brown than the male, with numerous minute dusky dots; the elytra and wings shorter than in the male.
Dimensions. — Length, 9 1.15 inches; ^1.05 inches; hind femora, 0.52 inch.
Massachusetts (Scudder); Eastern Wyoming (Thomas).
€>• punctlpeianli^i, Serv., Hist. Orthop., 590.
Syn., Aeridium piinctipenne (?), De Haan, Bijdr. Kcnu. Ortbop., 144.
Female. — Cone of the vertex short; sides margined ; round and obtuse at the point; occiput flat. Disk af the pronotum flat, feebly tricarinate. Elytra and wings as long as the abdomen.
Color. — Yellowish-green. Head green; on each side of the occiput a longitudinal yellow stripe. Elytra opaque at base, remainder semi-transpa- rent; internal margin grayish; there is a series of unequal fuscous dots along the disk, those near the apex becoming paler. Wings transparent with a yellowish tinge. Legs yellowish green.
Dimensions.— \iQ,\\^i\\ 1.25 inches.
North America (Serville) ; Carolina (De Haan).
O. MrittaSa, Serv., Hist. Orthop., 589.
Syn., Aeridium hivittatum (?), De Haan,. Bijdr. Kenu. Orthop., 143.
Female. — Face tricarinate; carinse prominent; the median sulcate but scarcely double. Vertex rather short, round, and slightly margined in front, scarcely as long as broad. Pronotum slightly contracted in the middle; lateral carinse indistinct, median distinct. Prosternal point short, tuberculi- form. Elytra and wings passing the abdomen.
Color. — Yellowish-green; often tinged with reddish-brown. Behind each eye starts a dark-brown or black stripe, which reaches the posterior border of the pronotum. Elytra opaque from the base to the middle, trans- parent beyond, tinged with brown; the tirst half of the internal margin has a longitudinal greenish stripe, and a similar stripe near the anterior margin, but not reaching quite half the length of the elytra. Wings transparent; nerves and nervules of the apical half dark. Legs greenish; the femora striped above with reddish-brown.
65
Dimensions. — Length to tip of elytra, 1.50 to 1.65 inches; posterior femora, 1 inch; posterior tibise, 0.95 inch; elytra, 1.08 inch.
Carolina (De Haan); North America (Serville) ; Florida (Walker); Nebraska (Sciidder in Hayden's Report); 'Kansas (Dodge); Nebraska and Kansas (Thomas). Figured, Glover, Ills. Am. Ent. Orth., PL vi. Fig. 24; PL xi, Fig. 7.
®. neo-iuexicana, Thos., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila., 1870, 77.
Female. — Vertex elongate, semi-elliptical, slightly margined. Face more oblique than in O. hnnttata, and head longer; tricarinate ; the frontal costa sulcate. Antennae ensiform, triquetrous, reaching tip of the pronotum. Pro- notum distinctly tricarinate; carina equal, straight, parallel. Elytra and wings about as long as the abdomen. Prosternal spine short and very obtuse.
Color (after immersion in alcohol). — Face yellow, dotted with red, paler below; a broad, roseate stripe on the occiput bordered with yellow. A reddish-brown stripe on each side from the eye to the posterior margin of the pronotum; median carina, same color; rest of the pronotum yellow. Elytra semi-pellucid; base and stripe along the dorsal sub-margin roseate. Wings transparent ; nerves mostly ochreous, a few near the apex dusky. Legs pale rufous ; femora reddish above, yellow beneath ; spines tipped with black.
Male. — Much smaller; last ventral segment elongate, pyramidal, entire; the opening on the upper surface. Median stripe of the dorsum broader than in the female. This species is much like O. bivittata, possibly a variety.
Dimensions. — Length, 9 1.62 inches; to tip of elytra, 1.50 inches; posterior femora, 0.88 inch. Length, $ 1.25 inches.
Northeastern New Mexico, Wyoming (Thomas).
©. varipes, Serv., Hist. Orthop., 588.
Syn., Acridium varipes (?), De Haan, Bijdr. Kenn. Orthop., 144.
Cone of the vertex long and pointed ; face carined. Pronotum cha- grined, tricarinate ; four distinct transverse impressions. Prosternal point large. Antennae ensiform.
Color. — Head greenisb ; lateral carinas of the face yellow. Pronotum greenish, margined with yellow. Prosternal point yellowish. Elytra opaque, 9 A
6o
a uniform green ; nerves prominent ; wings transparent, somewhat clouded. Abdomen of a yellowish green. Anterior and middle legs green ; the femora yellowish beneath ; posterior femora green, yellow beneath ; posterior tibia3 reddish at base and apex, yellowish in the middle, the spines corre- sponding in color with the parts; first two joints of the posterior tarsi reddish, last green.
Dimensions. — Length, 2.25 inches.
North America (Serville); Carolina (De Haan).
©. inar^iiiicollis, Serv , Hist. Orthop., 591.
Syn., Acridiwn marginicolle (?), De Haau, Bijdr. K«nu. Orthop., 143.
Female. — -Cone of th"e vertex o1)tuse ; eyes oblong, straight. Disk of the pronotum punctured ; carinse indistinct. Elytra straight, lanceolate; apex pointed, long as the abdomen. Wings as long as the elytra. Antennse somewhat ensiform.
Color. — Head and Ijody of a grayish-green. A yellow stripe extends from the lower border of the eye across the sides of the pronotum to its posterior extremity. Elytra semi-transparent, grayish ; wings pellucid. Legs the color of the body.
Male. — Much smaller than the female.
Dimensions. — Length, 2 L25 inches; ,j 1 inch.
North America (Serville); Tennessee (De Haan).
PYR«OI?IOKFIIA, Fisch.
Head rather short, sub-conic ; occiput short ; vertex slightly produced in front of the eyes, carinated each side. Eyes oljlong, usually equally removed from the tip of the vertex and the pronotum, oblitpie. The fixce seen from the side curves slightly inward below the vertex ; frontal costa narrow to the ocellus, wider and sulcate below ; lateral caringe sinuate or curved. Antennse about twice the length of the head, 18-20 joints, from the third to the ninth sub- triquetrous. Pronctum tricarinate or sub-tricarinate ; sides straight or slightly converging anteriorly ; the transverse incisions more or less distinct ; truncate ill front ; apex rounded or olituse-anglcd ; longer than the dorsum of the head. Prostcrnum tiansverse, unarmed ; pectus as Ijiond as the head. Elytra and wings present. The four anterior tibite shorter than the femora, sub-
67
silicate ill front. " Posterior femora not longer Uiaii the abdomen ; but slightly pinnafe; moderately dilated at the base; attenuate toward the apex.
This genus ^vas first given by Serville as a sub-genus of Tryxalis, who separated it by the following characters :
"Head slightly elevated; eyes approach the anterior border of the pronotum. Antennas not so long; their joints slightly enlarged. Pronotuin without prominent carinre. Species of small size."
P. brevicornis, Walk., Cat. Dcrniap. Salt., Ill, 500.
Syn., Gryllus (Acrida) brericornis, Linn., Syst. Nat., 12th ed., II, G92. — Cent. Ins. Ear., 15. — Amceu. Acad., VI, 398. Truxalis brevicornis, Fabr., Eut. Syst., II, 27. — Thuub. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb., V, 264.— IS^ov. Act. Upsal., IX, 84. viriduhin,* Pal. Beauv. Ins. Ortb., 81, PI. 3, Fig. 4. notoclorns, Pal. Beauv. Ins. Ortb., 80, PI. 3, Pig. 3. Acridium cnslcorne (!), De Geer, Ins., 3, ]i. 400, No. 16, PI. 42, Fig. 7.
As I have seen no specimen of this species, and only the figures of Palisot. Beauv., and a figure in Professor Glover's plates, supposed to be of this .species, I have concluded to give the short descriptions of the older authors, no description having been published by any recent authority :
Linnaeus (Syst. Nat., ed. Gmelin, torn. 1, pars IV, No. 205G) describes it thus, under the following division :
" Antennae ensiform ; head conical, longer than the thorax." "Acridae or Truxalides, Fabric! us."
" G. hrevicornis. — Green ; head somewhat prominent ; antennae com- pressed, longer than the thorax. America meridionali."
In Aiuoen. Acad., VI, 398, the Ibllowing is added :
"Similar to iiJMro/;as/.s. Head sub-conic in front, but not prominent."
Thunberg, M(^m. Acad. St. Petersb., V, 264 :
' Truxalis brevicornis, green, unspotted ; thorax convex, very sliglitly costate; on each side a crenate line along the head and thorax. Antennae depressed, linear. Hemelytra passing the abdomen one-third their length ; wings hyaline, scarcely an inch long. Habitat, East and West Indies. T. brevicornis, Fabr., Ent. Syst, 2, p. •27."
In Nov. Act. Upsal., IX, 84, the description is the same ; l:»ut her(! he gives the following synonyms:
" Gryllus brev'xorms, Linn., Syst. Nat., I, 8, p. 692.
* Walker's quotation of De Geer under tbis name is an error.
68
"Jcridiu/)i emicorne, De Geer, lus., toin. 3, p. 499, Tab.'42, Fig. 7.
" TruxaUs brevicornis, Fabr, Syst. Ent., p. 279; Ent. Syst., II, p. 27;'' and adds as habitats, "America meridionali and Africa."
De Geer (Ins., 3, p. 499, No. 16) gives the following, description :
" Acrydium (ensicornu). Green ; head conic ; antennae compressed ; wings hyaline.
" Gryllus acrida {brevicornis). Head prominent, green ; antennae com- pressed, long as the thorax, Linn., Syst., ed. 12, p. 692, No. 2. Received from Pennsylvania by M. Acrelius. It is of medium size, about sixteen lines in length ; the elytra a little longer than the abdomen. The head is elongate and conical above. Hat in front, in an oblique plane, so that the mouth appears as though hid under the prothorax. The eyes and the antennae are placed at the highest point of the conic part of the head. Tlie antennae, which are as long as the head and thorax, are flat and enlarged at the base, but acuminate at the apex; the eyes large, oval. The dorsum of the pronotum forms a continuous plane with the head; has three slightly elevated carinee. The elytra are straight ; and the posterior femora are of the same length as the abdomen.''
Pal. Beauvois, Ins. Orth., 80, PI. iii. Fig. 3 :
''TruxaUs notochlorus. — Fuscous; head conical; antennae longer than the thorax ; head, thorax, elytra, and the wings above green ; wings below pale yellowish; posterior femora longer than the abdomen. Saint Domingo, in the humid savannas. This species is remarkable for the color of the back, which is entirely green."
" TruxaUs viridulus (p. 81, PI. iii. Fig. 4). — Head conic ; elytra green above ; sides spotted with fuscous ; head and thorax pale green ; wings yel- lowish ; antennae shorter than the thorax ; posterior femora a little longer than the abdomen. Same country as the former. It is possible that this species is the female of the preceding."*
P. punctipenuis, sp. nov.
Female. — Vertex slightly ascending, nearly in the same plane as the dorsum of the pronotum, rounded in front; margins slightly raised; no lateral foveolae ; the advance in front of the eyes not quite equal to the length of the eye ; a very slight median carina. Face quite oblique ; seen from the side, curves slightly inward Ix-lnw the vertex; regularly widening from Ihe apex of the eyes
' The tiguies appear to couflrm this opiniou.
69
downward, rounded transversely; the caringe generally slight and o1)(hsc, bnt sometimes slightly prominent; frontal costa slightly prominent between the antennae, but not prominent below, gradually expanding below, more or less sul- cate ; lateral carinae more or less distinct, nearly straight, reaching the corners of the face. Antennse about as long as the head and pronotum, enlarged and flattened at the base, acuminate at the apex, triquetrous. Eyes oblong ovate, oblique, and placed w^ell forward near the antennse. Pi'onotum a little longer than the head, truncate in front; hind border very obtusely angled; sides flat, perpendicular, straight and very near or quite parallel; tricarinate, the three car- inse about equal, distinct, but not pi-ominent, straight, paj-allel ; posterior trans- verse incision situated a little behind the middle, bends forward in the middle, and cuts the median carina; the two anterior incisions sub-obsolete; the poste- rior margin of the side somewhat regularly though slightly curved inward, tlie lower posterior angle being sub-acute. Elytra and wings pass the posterior femora, and are about as long as the abdomen ; the former are narrow and obliquely truncate at the apex. Abdomen sub-cylindrical, elongate, slightly enlarged at the apex ; the upper valves of the ovipositor unusually long and exserted. Posterior femora shorter than the abdomen, not reaching the ex- tremity of the elytra, slender, being but slightly enlarged at the base.
Color (after immersion in alcohol). — Some specimens pale greenish-yel- low, evidently green when living ; others with a rufous tinge or shade per- vading the whole surface and almost obliterating the green ; the latter variety is generally a little smaller and the head and vertex slightly more ascending than in the other variety. The lateral carinse of the pronotum and a narrow stripe immediately below them brown. Antennse, anterior legs (sometimes the middle ones also), the inside and upper portion of the posterior femora, and posterior tibiae rufous. The face, sides of the thorax, and posterior legs are all bright rufous. Elytra semi-transparent, with fuscous dots along the disk, forming a single row along the basal third, but scattered over the apical portion. Wings pellucid, tinged with yellowish at the base; nerves of the anterior portion roseate in the green variety, somewhat dusky in red variety.
Dimensions. — Length, l.T.'i inches; elytra, 1.25 inches; hind femora, 0.75 inch ; hind tibiae 0.7 inch. East Tennessee (Thomas).
Remark. — This appears to be a distinct species, although it approaches some of the descriptions of P. hrevicornis, especially the Tr. mridulus, Pal. Beauv
70
Group 3.-TRIGONOPTERYGINI.
Trigonopterygidce,, Walk.
This group is distinguished from the preceding by its broad elytra, ll has no representatives in North America.
Divis. II.-ORTHOCERIDES.
In this division tlie head is obtuse or sub-conic ; where it approaches the conical or ])yramidal form it is generally less distinct than in the prece- ding division, and such species are separated from that division l)y the form of the antennae. The face is sub-oblique or vertical ; therefore, the term "oblique," when applied to species or genera of this division, is to be under- stood as limited, and as compai'ed with the vertical face.
The antennae are generally filiform, the joints cylindrical, or slightly flattened and indistinct ; in a few species they are slightly enlarged near the base ; and in a few instances clavate.
In the United States Acrididae the genus Oxycoryplms appears to form the connecting link between (his and the previous division, the shape of the head and form of the antennae making it somewhat difhcult to determine in which it should be placed.
This division is distinguished from the Xiphocer'ules chiefly by the form of the antennae.
It embraces that portion of the family included by Serville under
"■' Acrid'ites propric dicti;" and contains but two groups, CEdipodini and
Acridini
A. Prosteniuiu smooth or but slightly tuberculate (Edipodini.
AA. Prosternum' armed with a spine Acridini.
Group 4.-CEDIP0DINI.
Mutici, Serv., Scudd ; CEd'qwdidce, Walk.
This group is distinguished by the vertical or sub-vertical face ; filiform antennae with indistinct joints ; and absence of a prosternal spine, the presternum being either smooth or (in one genus only — Stetlieophyma) slightly tuberculate. Tiiere are some apparent variations from these characters, which
71
render it somewhat difficult to locate some of the genera; /or example, Oxijcoryphus, Clinj.toc]t}Xion,anA most of the species of Stenohollirus have the face somewhat oblique, and in general appearance approach Opomala and Pyrgomorpha; but tVoni the former they are at once distinguished by the absence of the prosternal spine, and from the latter by the less oblique and straight or sub-convex face and by Ihe form of the antennae; Ijut in regard to the last character, the distinction between Pyrgomorpha and Oxycoryphiis is slight. In the slo]>e and shape of the head and form of the thorax, Cliryso- cJraon makes the nearest approach (of the United States genera) to Pyrgomorplia; the Stenohothri in general appearance approach Opomala.
The following are the United States genera belonging to this group, placed in what I conceive to be their natural order, considered as descending. It will be observed that I take the diminishing obliquity of the face and increasing convexity of the vertex as my chief guides in this arrangement:
Oxycoryphus, Chrysochraon. Acrolophitus, Pedioscertetes, Stenobothnis, Gomphocerus, Stetheophyma, Tragocephala, Tomonotus, ffidipoda, Tropido- lophus, Staurouotus, Boiipedon, Brachypeplus.
This group admits of two tolerably well-marked sections, depending chiefly upon the direction of the face and form of the pronotum.
In order to aid, as far as possible, in locating species in the genera to which they belong, I add the following table of the genera of this group, which gives the charactei's a little more fully than in the general table which • stands at the commencement of the family, and which is somewhat differ- ently arranged :
Synoptical table of the genera.
A. Prosternuin smootli, uot tubereulate :
a. Vertex asceudiug iu front of the eyes iu the form of a coue or triaDgular pyramid, pointing obliquely forward and upward :
h. Median carina of tbe pronotum minute on the anterior and mid- dle lobes, but elevated into au arcuate crest on the posterior lobe Acrolophitus.
hh. Median carina of the pronotum minute throughout ; no part
elevated Pedioscertetes.
an. Vertex horizontal or deflexed :
h. Face oblique, straight :
c. Hind border of the pronotum truncated . Chrysochraon.
cc. Hind border of the pronotum produced into an obtuse or acute
angle :
d. Anteiuitx? very short, scarcely longer than the head, somewhat
enlarged and flattened near the base O-njeoryphus.
o
(1(1 Anteuuie tilironn or clavate, medium Iciigtb ; vertex generally (but not always) with lateral foveolte, wLicL are linear :
e. Auteunas clavate (a Hat club at the apex) Gomphocerm
ee. Antennae filiform, not clubbed at the apex Stenubothrus.
bb. Face vertical, or nearly so :
c. Head and body compressed on the sides, narrow ; vertex acumi-
nate in front; lateral foveohe sub-distinct or obsolete; face some- what oblique or curved Trayocephala.
cc. Head globose, not comijressed ; vertex not acuminate in front ; face vertical :
d. Median carina of the prouotum elevated into a high arcuate and
slightly denticulate crest ; no lateral carince TropuMoijlius.
dd. Median carina of the pronotum sub-cristate, slightly arcuate
or nearly straight, not denticulate ; lateral carina; wanting on
the anterior, and acute or sub-acute on the posterior, lobe Tomonotus.
ddd. Median carina of the pronotum only a raised line, or but
slightly elevated :
e. Vertex without lateral foveolae :
/ Pronotum sub-cylindrical, without lateral cariute ; elytra shorter
than the abdomen, but not in the form of scales Boopedon.
ff. Pronotum with the disk flat, distinctly tricarinate ; carinae
entire ; elytra in the form of scales ; insects unable to fly Brachypcplus.
ee. Vertex with lateral foveolae :
/. Lateral foveolae of the vertex triangular (Edipoda.
ff. Lateral foveolae of the vertex quadrilateral Stauronotus.
A A. Prosternum slightly tuberculate Stetheophyma.
Section I. — Face somewhat oblique, straight; sides of the pronotum and head flat and generally perpendicular; disk of the pronotum usually flat, forming nearly a right angle with the sides ; the median carina (except in Acrolophitus hirtipes) minute. Vertex somewhat advanced in front of the eyes. The pronotum approaches the sub-cylindrical form in some of the Stenobothri. The posterior femora are less enlarged near the base than in the following section ; and the upper and lower carinas are not prominent.
The following genera belong to this section: Oxycoryjjhus, Chryso- chraon, Acrolophitus, Pedioscertetes, Stenobothrus, Gomj^hocerus.
I am not acquainted with Stetheophyma, but give it a place in the next section pi'ovisionally.
OXYCORYPMIIS, FiwcSu
Body medium size. Head somewhat pyramitlal ; face oblique; occiput and vertex ascending; the vertex produced in front of tlie eyes, triangular, blunt or sub-acute at the apex; its upper margiji acute, with a lateral ])ranch to cucli ocellus, inclufUng on each side a triangular foveola. The extremity of
73
the vertex continuous with the frontal costa, which is slightly sulcata or flat; tlie margins acute ; the lateral carinje slightly divergent. Antenna; but little longer than the head, with about twenty joints; from the third joint tiattened sub-triquetrous, acuminate at the apex. Eyes oval or sub-reniforni, oblique. Pronotum truncate in front, angulate posteriorly, constricted behind the anterior margin or parallel, tricarinate; tlie carinae distinct but not elevated, the lateral inwardly angulate near the front, divergent posteriorly or parallel. Prosternum unarmed, tumid in the middle. Elytra and wings present, gener- ally as long as the abdomen, but sometimes shorter. Legs slender; the lour anterior femora sub-compressed; the posterior femora much compressed, dilate near the base.
Division I (Sauss., Rev. et Mag. Zool., XIII, 1861, 314).— Tip of the vertex sub-acute. Pronotum not constricted ; the posterior extremity obtuse- angled ; the transverse sulcus situated behind the middle ; lateral carinas acute, equal throughout, and in our only species parallel.
©5. olb^cairiis, Thos., Geol. Surv. Terr. 1871, 466.
Female. — Head conical; occiput ascending; the vertex ascending in the same line with it, convex, with a slight median carina, most distinct in front ; margins of the vertex slightly elevated, obtuse, and terminating behind at the upper canthus of the eyes ; the vertex sub-conical; tip glabrous. Face quite oblique, nearly straight ; frontal costa sulcate, parallel to the ocellus, below which it gradually and regularly expands; lateral cariuse distinct, sharp, curving slightly forward at the top in front of the eyes, nearly straight and rapidly diverging below. Antennae somewhat ensiform, flattened, a little longer than the head ; joints short. Eyes elongate, pyriform, acuminate above, oblique. Pronotum a little longer than the head, tricarinate ; the cariuai equal, distinct, and parallel ; sides compressed, perpendicular ; sul)- truncate in front ; posteiior margin obtuse-angled ; transverse incision behind the middle ; posterior lobe thickly covered with shallow punctures ; the posterior lateral angle is a right angle. The elytra narrow, about three- fourths the length of the abdomen. Wings nearly as long as the elytra. Abdomen carined ; valves of the ovipositor obtuse, hairy on the margins, the upper ones strongly curved. The legs slender; the femora compressed; posterior femora nearly as long as the abdomen.
Color (dried after long immersion in alcohol). — Pale rufous. Elytra 10 a
74
semi-transparent toward the apex. Wings pellucid, with pale rufous nerves.
Dimensions. — Length, 0.U3 inch; elytra, 0 5 inch; posterior femora, 0.5" inch; posterior tibiae, 0.42 inch.
Wyoming Territory (Thomas). Figured, Glover., Ills. Am. Ent. Orth., PL xiii. Fig. 13.
€IIUYS®ClHR.AO]¥, Fascli. PoJiswm, Heyer; Gomj)hocerus, F'lsch , olim ; Chorthippus, Fieb.; ChloinUis,
Harr., Scudd.
Shape much like Opomala and Pyrgomorpha, to which it is closely allied. Eyes rather short, somewhat acuminate at the apex, placed near the vertex, oblique, and rather distant from each other. The back of the pronotum and head in one plane, horizontal. Head jjroduced in front between the antennae in the form of a sliort Ijlunt ])yramid. Vertex rather broad between the eyes, triangular in front, slightly convex, without foveolffi, sub-emarginate. Frontal costa broad, either sulcate or partially sulcate, expanding and fliding below: lateral carinse distinct, somewhat divergent; face oblique and straight. Antennae short, filiform, sub-depressed, and joints sub-distinct. Clypeus and labrum narrow. Pronotum short; compressed at the sides, which are flat, straight, and parallel or very nearly so; tricari- nate, the three carinse distinct but not elevated; transverse incisions slight ; truncate in front, and truncate or sub-truncate behind. Elytra abbreviated, shorter than the abdomen, except in Ch. punctidatum, where they are about equal to it in length ; ovate-lanceolate. Middle legs longer than the anterior pair. Prosternum unarmed, but slightly swollen.
Synoptical table of the species.
A. Elytra less than half the length of the abdomen in the female ahdominalis.
AA. Elytra half as loag, or more than half the length of the abdomen . .
a. Female green or pale brown ; male green above vlrUlis.
<ia. Brown without any green :
h. Elytra about as long as the abdomen punctulatum.
hh. Elytra shorter than the abdomeu conspersum.
€li. a1)(losBtiisaM!>i; sp. nov.
Female. — Large size ; body elongate ; elytra very short. Vertex blunt, short, not expanding in front of the eyes, convex; margins not elevated, obtuse. Face moderately obhqtie ; frontal costa flat, not sulcate, sometimes
75
convex above tlie ocellus ; lateral carinaj slight. Pronotum slightly con- stricted in the mitldle ; lateral carinte slightly curved inward a little in advance of the middle, expanding somewhat posteriorly ; posterior lol:)c densely punctured on the disk and sides; the transverse impressed line distinct, curved, situated a little behind the middle ; hind border obtusely rounded ; the sides have each two shallow broad indentures, rendering tliem a little uneven. Elytra short, not reaching the tip of the third abdominal segment; wings shorter. Abdomen elongate, somewhat compressed, slightly carined above. Posterior femora slender, shorter than the abdomen. An- tennae slightly enlarged and flattened near the base; joints unusually distinct, almost moniliform.
Color (after long immersion in alcohol). — Almost uniform dull bi-ownish or ash-yellow. Antennse rufous, dusky at the tips. Palpi, anterior and middle legs, and posterior femora rufous ; spines of the posterior tibiae yellow at base, tips black.
Dimensions. — Length, 1.15 inches; elytra, 0.25 inch; posterior femora, 0.60 inch.
Montana (Thomas).
Remark. — As will be seen by the above description, this species varies somewhat from the typical form of the genus in the slightly curved lateral carina} of the pronotum and in the antennaj ; yet a single glance is sufficient to convince any Orthopterologist that it belongs here.
CSs. VBi'Mis, Thos.
Syu., ChloeaUis viridis, Sciuld., Best. Jour. Nat. His., 1SG2, vol. VII, 455.
Vertex broad, slightly expanding in front of the eyes, beyond which the sides converge so as to form a right angle, rounded at the apex ; the edge more or less upturned, so as to form a lunar or semicircular de- pression behind it; frontal costa scarcely sulcate above the ocellus in the female, sub-sulcate in the male. Pronotum with the sides compressed, vertical, parallel ; the three carinas distinct, equal, parallel ; the transverse impressions indistinct, the posterior much behind the middle. Elytra ovate lanceolate, about half as long as the abdomen in the female, three-fourths its length in the male. Sub-anal plate of the male turned' up, sowewhat pointed, entire at the tip. Posterior femora in the female about as long as the abdomen.
Color. — Of the male, whole of the upper surface green; sides a dirty
76
brown, somelinies with a l)lack streak extending back from the eye. Front of the head yellowisli-brown or yellow. Front and middle legs greenish, tinged with reddish-brown; posterior femora greenish-yellow; tibise fuscous, spines tipped with black. Female varies in color from almost entire pale- green to dark-brown, with a dark stripe running back from each eye along the upper margin of the sides of the pronotum ; disk of the elytra marked with two or three fuscous dots; hind tibiae reddish-brown.
Dimensions. — 9 Length, 1 inch; pronotum, 0.21 inch; hind femora, 0.6 inch; elytra, 0.42 inch. 3 Length, 0.6 inch; pronotum, 0.14 inch; hind femora, 0.4 inch ; elytra, 0.3 inch.
Connecticut (Scudder), Southern Illinois, Nebraska (Thomas). Fig- ured, Glover, Ills. Am. Ent. Orth., PL x. Fig. f).
CIb. coBisperssaiii, Thos.
Syn., Ghloi'altis connpersa, Harr. Report, 184. ahortiva, Harr. Eeport, 184. O" Stenohothrus melanojyleurus, Scudd., Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., 1862, vol. vii, 456.
Vertex broad, expanded to a blunt point on each side in front of the eyes, from which the sides converge so as to form little less than a right angle, blunt at the tip ; edges a little upturned ; a very slight median carina ; frontal costa with a shallow sulcus two-thirds its length. Eyes not large or prominent, slightly elongated. Antennae slender, slightly flattened, reaching to the middle of the elytra in the male. Pronotum with the sides nearly straight, or slightly converging in the middle ; median carina sharp, rather more distinct than the lateral ; front and posterior margins straight. Elytra in the male reaching nearly to the tip of the abdomen, obovate, lanceolate, suddenly swollen on the costal border about two-thirds of the way from the apex to the base, internal border full and curved evenly from the base to the tip ; in the female the elytra reach about the middle of the abdomen.
Color. — Male : head above, dorsum of the pronotum, sides of the meso- and meta-thorax, the face and sides of the head below the eyes, and the elytra light lilac-brown, varying in intensity in different specimens ; sides of the head behind the eyes shaded with black. AntenucB dark-brown, darkest at the tips. Sides of the pronotum and of the first two or three abdominal segments shining black. Abdomen light-brown al)ove, banded with black; light-yellow beneath; sides, except on the first tv>o or three segments, dark reddish-brown. Fore and middle legs brown ; liind femoi-a light yellowish-
77
bi'own above, with one or two broad dark-brown bands, light-yellow below; apex black ; hind tibife yellowish-red, black at the base and tips.
The female differs from the male in being darker, and in wanting most of the black on the sides of the pronotum. Head, dorsnm of the j^ronotum, and elytra freqnently mottled or even blotched with dark-brown ; sides of the pronotum like the dorsum, except a small patch of black on the upper posterior angle.
Dimensions. — $ Length, 0.8 to 0.9 inch; elytra, 0.30 to 0.37 incli ; hind femora, 0.50 to 0.55 inch, s Length, 0.65 to 0.70 inch ; elytra, 0.35 to 0.40 inch; hind femora, 0.40 to 0.45 inch.
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, easter-n shore of Lake Winnipeg, British America (Scudder) ; Maine (Smith). Figured, Glover, Ills. Am. Ent. Orth, PI. vi. Fig. 11, and PI. x, Fig. 12.
Ch. i»MiactiiIatsBiBi, Thos.
Syn., Ghlomltis punetulata, Scutkl., Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., 1862, vol. VII, 455.
Vertex broad, much as in Ch. viridis, but slightly more prominent. Sides of the pronotum very nearly parallel, slightly divergent posteriorly ; lateral and median carinae distinct, sharp. Elytra and wings reach the tip of the abdomen.
Coh): — Vertex edged with reddish-brown ; a narrow reddish-brown band extends along the lateral carinas of the pronotum to the eye, edged below with black; it extends also slightly upon the base of the elytra. The abdomen, sternum, fore legs, and parts of the mouth (except the black man- dibles), reddish-brown. Hind tibiae yellowish-brown, their spines tipped with black ; all the tarsi darker. Elytra green with scattered small brownish spots.
Dimcnsiojis. — 2 Length, 0.95 inch; pronotum, 0.19 inch; hind femora, 0.54 inch ; elytra, 0.70 inch.
Connecticut (Scudder).
ACROLOPHITUS, Thos,
Head pyramidal, short; the dorsum ascending anteriorly; the vertex as- cending obliquely between the antennfe in the form of a short pyramid. Eyes ovate, placed high and well forward. Face long, narrow, slightly ol)lique, and straight; carina? distinct. Antcnnai stout, passing the thorax, filiform or slightly llattened ; the joints near the base sub-elongate. Maxillary palpi of medium
78
length ; terminal joints sub-eqnal, rather short ; labial palpi proportionally longer ; ultimate joint longest. Pronotum short, but longer than the head, compressed at the sides ; sides of the anterior lobes sub-parallel ; posterior lobe diverging ; the median carina on the anterior lobes indistinct and obtuse; on the posterior lobe it is elevated into a sharp crest, regularly curved on the top ; lateral carinae sub-distinct on the posterior lobe, obliterated on the anterior lobes ; the three transverse incisions distinct, the posterior one is bent abruptly forward in the middle, around the front point of .the crest; anterior margin obtusely rounded ; posterior margin acute-angled in the male, right-angled in the female. Elytra narrow, extending beyond the extremity of the abdomen ; wings nearly^ as long as the elytra. Legs long ; the femora slender ; the tibiae stout, pilose. The prosternum not spined ; the anterior portion somewhat transversely tumid ; pectus narrow.
A. Iiii-tipes, Thos., Geol. Surv. Terr., 1870, 278.
S.yn., Oryllus liirtipes, Say, Amer. Eut., Ill, PI. xxxiv. — Le Conte's eel., I, 78, PI. xxxiv, Fig. 1.
The vertex extends oHiquely upward in front of the eyes, about equal to the length of the latter, acute-angled at the apex; a slight transverse impression between the upper angles of the eyes ; not margined, and without foveolse. Frontal costa rather narrow, slightly expanding below, more or less distinctly sulcate from the apex downward; .lateral carinae somewhat distinct, nearly straight, slightly diverging ; the face is gradually widened from the eyes to the clypeus. The pronotum as described in the generic description. Posterior femoi'a slender, but slightly enlarged at the base, equaling or passing the ab- domen ; all the legs are covered with minute hairs.
Color. — Pale-green, without any distinct spots. Head and elytra green, the former sometimes with lighter and darker shades. The pronotum varies in color from a greenish-yellow to a pale-brown, the abdomen generally cor- responding. The elytra are generally of a uniform pale-green, though some- times they are marked with indistinct spots of darker green. Wings pale greenish-yellow on the basal third ; the apical third pellucid ; the middle third occupied by a broad, transverse, fuscous band, diminished and curving inward on the posterior border. Antennae red.
Dimensions. — 2 Length, 1.3 inches; elytra, 1.12 inches; hind femora, 0.75 inch; hind tibijis, 0.75 inch. ^J Length, 1 inch.
Colorado, Wyoming (Thomas).
79
PEDIOSCERTETES, Titos.
Back of the head ascending ; vertex rises obliquely in front of the e^^es in the form of a triangular pyramid; frontal costa distinct above the ocellus, fading below; liice sub-oblique. Pronotuni regularly exjianding postex'iorly, subtricarinate, the front lobes being rounded, so that the lateral carinae are indis- tinct; median absent or but a minute line; front margin truncate; hind mar gin rounded; the three transverse impressions distinct. Elytra and wings ex- tending beyond the abdomen. Posterior femora slender, a little shorter than the abdomen in the female ; tirst joint of the posterior tarsi as long as the other two. Metasternum broad ; the pi'osternum narrow, unspined, the transverse groove distinct. This insect, seen from above, tapers considerably from the metathorax to the liead, which is quite narrow^, but elongate perpen- dicularly. Resembles, in general appearance, Acrolophitus, to which it is closely allied, but from which it diifers in wanting the crest on the pronotum, and in the posterior margin thereof being rounded.
P. uevaciensis, Thos., Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1873.
The tip of the vertex separated from the portion between the eyes by a curved sulcus, which runs from the upper cantiius of one eye to that of the other; this portion of the vertex obliquely ascending and triangular; no median or lateral foveola. Frontal costa prominent and narrow between the eyes, and slightly sulcate ; the portion below the ocellus indistinct, a little l)roader than that above, expanding below and slightly sulcate ; lateral carinas indistinct, parallel; face somewhat oblique, narrow. Eyes oljlong, ovate, oblique. Antennae extending about one-fourth their length beyond the pro- notum, robust, very slightly depressed, and apparently enlarged toward the apex. Front lobes of the pronotum rounded, sub-cylindrical; lateral carinse obsolete on the front lobes, obtuse on the posterior lobe; median carina is but an indistinct line ; three transverse incisions distinct, but not profound, the posterior one situated a little behind the middle ; the posterior border is regularly rounded, nearly semi-circular ; the posterior lateral margin curves inward at the humerus, but makes no angle ; the posterior lobe is distinctly broader than the head. Elytra of moderate width ; wings rather narrow; both extend slightly beyond the abdomen. The abdomen comparatively, enlarged and deep at the base; the valves of the ovipositor slender and acute. The posterior femora are quite slender, being but slightly enlarged at base ;
80
posterior tibiae cylindrical. The body and legs more or less covered with • small hairs.
Color (after immersion in alcohol). — Dull greenish-yellow, showing the original color to have been green — probably light pea-green — which is almost entirely uniform on the head, thorax, elytra, and legs, without spots. The antennae are dusky at the tips. There is a slight rufous tinge on the poste- rior lobe of the pronotum and base of the elytra ; the apical portion of the latter is translucent. Wings pale-yellow at base — probably greenish-yellow in the living individual — with a moderately broad fuscous band across the disk ; apex transparent, with dark nerves. Spines of the posterior tibise yel- lowish, very slightly or not at all tipped with Ijlack.
Dimensions. — 5 Length, 1.25 inches ; elytra, 0.80 inch ; posterior femora, 0.60 inch ; posterior tibiae, 0.65 inch ; pronotum, 0.25 inch.
Nevada (from Lieutenant Wheeler's collection.)
Acridiuin, De Geer, Oliv. ; CEdipoda (in part), Serv. ; Gompliocerus, Thunb. Burm., Fiscli. (c/i/K); C/^/ora/^is (in part), Harr. ; Podlsma, l^?itv.\ Chor- thippus, Fieb.
Body medium size or small, elongate. Head sub-conic in front; face more or less sloped obliquely backward and under toward the breast ; vertex in front of the eyes somewhat prominent, horizontal ; the lateral foveolae (when present) are linear ; when they are absent the margins of the vertex are obtuse. The frontal costa is generally sulcate throughout, or from the middle ocellus downward ; lateral carinas distinct. Eyes gub-rotund or sub- angulate. . The antennae generally exceed the head and pronotum in length, and are sub-compressed or sub-cylindrical, clavate in the male of one species. The pronotum has the disk more or less flattened, seldom gibbous; the sides somewhat compressed; the front margin truncate; the hind margin obtuse- angled or obtusely rounded ; the three carinas usually distinct, but not elevated — the median straight entire, the lateral straiglit or curved inward at or in advance of the middle. Elytra and wings sometimes abbreviated, sometimes as long or longer than the abdomen, generally narrow. Legs slender; the posterior femora somewhat elongate, and but moderately enlarged at the base. Prosternum unarnied ; narrow.
81
Synoptical table of the species.
A. Vertex witliout lateral foveoke :
a. Median cariufe of the prouotum sub-cristiform occidentalis.
aa. Median carime of the prouotum linear :
h. Top of the head miuutely tricarinate tricarinatus.
hh. Top of the head smooth :
c. Lateral carina; of the pronotum parallel coloradus.
cc. Lateral carinre of the prouotum more or less approximate in
the middle :
d. Face nearly vertical ■ - . quadrimaculatus.
dd. Face oblique :
c. Green, with fuscous serratures along the elytra; large size. . . admirabilis. ee. Chief color brown, or striped with brown ; small size :
/. Head ascending ; antennae, somewhat acuminate occipitalis.
Jf. .Head horizontal ; auteunne filiform speciosus.
AA. Vertex with lateral foveolte or tlat spaces representing them :
a. Elytra unspotted curtipennis.
aa. Elytra spotted : %
b. Lateral carinte of the pronotum parallel suh-conspersus.
hh. Lateral carinae of the pronotum approximate in the middle :
c. Elytra extending beyond the tip of the abdomen :
d. Elytra chiefly green : maculipennis.
dd. Elytra brownish propinquans.
cc. Elytra equal to or shorter than the abdomen :
(Z. Face nearly vertical, curved below hrunncus.
dd. Face oblique, straight or nearly so :
e. Edges of the vertex raised (cqualis.
ee. Edges of the vertex not raised hilineatus.
I cannot locate pelidnus, but it would appear to belong with ?naculipenms and propinquans ; gracilis, Scudd., is omitted from the table for the same reason, though evidently closely allied to maculipennis.
Division I. — Face oblique ; head sub-conical.
Sub-division 1. — Antennge slightly enlarged near the base, somewhat acuminate at the apex, and slightly flattened or sul)-triquetrous.
This sub-division includes but one species, St. occipitalis, Thos., which possibly future investigations may show to be generically distinct.
St. occipitalis, sp. nov.
Head ascending, pyramidal; occiput elongate, convex; vertex short, not expanding in front of the eyes, sub-hexagonal, margins raised ; no regular lateral foveolas, but on each side, under the projecting front, there is often a shallow, triangular depression. Face quite ol)lique, straight; frontal costa
11 A
82
distinct and narrow above the ocellus, fading, and diverging below it, upper iiortion sharply sulcate ; lateral carinas distinct, curving outward. Antennae about as long as the head and thorax, slightly enlarged near the base, and acuminate at the apex, sub-triquetrous or slightly flattened. Pronotum about as long as the head, slightly constricted in the middle; median carinse slight; lateral carinse nearly obliterated, especially on the anterior lobes, slightly approximating in the middle, nearly parallel thence to the front, diverging posteriorly ; hind border sub-truncate. Elytra and wings about as long as the abdomen. Hind femora reach the extremity of the abdomen.
Color (dried after immersion in alcohol). — A broad, brown stripe on each side extends from the upper corner of the eye, widening on the head, extending along the upper part of the side of the pronotum, and reaching to the hind mai-gin, a small portion passing over the diverging part of the lateral carinse; usually a brownish stripe extends from the vertex along the back of the head to the pronotum. Elytra pale-brown, with a row of fuscous dots along the disk.
Dimensions. — $• Length, 0.78 inch; elytra, 0.6 inch. $ Length, 0.62
inch.
Colorado, "Wyoming, and Southeast Idaho (Thomas).
From the description the generic position of this species appears doubt- ful, but the general appearance to the eye is evidently that of Stenobothrus, therefore I place it here, though it is possible it belongs to Epacromia.
Subdivision 2. — Antennse filiform, or slightly flattened, especially toward the apex.
Section 1. — Lateral carinse of the pronotum straight, or very nearly so. parallel or very slightly approximate in the middle, and but slightly elevated.
St. coloratlMisi, Thos.*
Syn., St. hicolor, Thos., Geo!. Surv. Terr., 1871, 4G5.
Lateral foveolse wanting. Two broad, brown stripes reaching from the vertex to the tip of the elytra.
Vertex scarcely expanding in front of the eyes ; margins scarcely raised, obtuse ; a slight, indistinct median carinse ; the tip obtusely rounded. Face
*It appear.s that Walker (Cat. Deriuap. Salt., V, Supp., 78) has restored the hicolor of Oharp., as distinct from biguttulus, Burm.; therefore, as this part of his catalogue was published a short time in advance of my description, it becomes necessary for me to cliauge the uame of my species.
83
quite oblique, arcuate ; frontal costa broad, expanding below, not sulcate, but slightly depressed at the ocellus; lateral carinse distinct, diverging rapidly ; eacli side of the frontal costa there is a curved impression. Eyes ovate, oblique, acuminate above. Pronotum same length as the head, trun- cate, in front, and obtusely rounded behind, sub-cylindrical, sub-tricarinate, the three carinas being very slight, close together, and parallel ; the pos- terior transverse sulcus a little behind the middle, it alone cuts the median carina. Antennae somewhat flattened, not longer than the head and thorax. Elytra narrow, a little longer than the abdomen ; wings nearly same length Abdominal appendages of the female very short, the upper valves not passing the last abdominal segment; sub-anal plate of the male triangular, entire at the tip. The lateral carinse of the pronotum in the male are very indistinct and farther apart than in the female ; in each sex these are but mere threads, not aifecting the sub-cylindrical shape of the protho- rax. Posterior femora about as long as the abdomen.
Color (dried after immersion in alcohol). — Parts of the mouth, venter, and sternum pale-yellow ; face dull-yellow ; eyes brown. Two very regular brown stripes, starting from the tip of the vertex (one from each side near the upper angle of the eye), gradually enlai'ging, run along the sides of the head and pronotum, and along the central part of the elytra to the tip. The intermediate stripe along the dorsum and the space on the sides below the brown stripes are dull-yellow. An obscure, brownish band extends obliquely downward and backward from each eye, and a more distinct stripe of the same color marks the lower part of the sides of the pronotum, generally bordered by narrow but distinct yellow lines. Wings pellucid, the nervules near the apex dusky, the rest ocherous. Posterior femora with three dark bands. When living the posterior tibiae are blue, but after long immersion in alcohol they change to a dull-yellow; spines black at the tips. Anterior legs pale-brown. The brown markings are often tinged with a lilac shade.
Dimensions. — s Length, 0.81 to 0.90 inch; elytra, 0.65 inch; posterior femora, 0.52 inch. 3 Length, 0.62 inch; elytra, 0.60 inch.
Var. unicolor — The median or dorsal space brownish, which, uniting with the brownish stripes, gives the entire back a brownish color.
Hab. — Colorado and Wyoming (Thomas). Var. unicolor found near Fort Fetterman, Wyoming Territory.
Remark — This species approaches very near to EjMcromia, and is closely allied to St. ejmcromoides, Walk
84
St. iricarinatus, sp. nov.
Female. — The top of the head tricarinate ; three distinct but minute parallel and approximate carinse running from the front border of the pro- notum to the vertex, the median continuous to the tip, the lateral bend suddenly outward opposite the upper canthus of the eyes, and from thence forward are continuous with the raised margins of the vertex. The vertex not expanding in front of the eyes ; no lateral foveolse. Face oblique, nearly straight; frontal costa rather broad, narrowest above, regularly and gradually expanding below, flat; margins square. Eyes oblique, acuminate above. Antennae not reaching tlie tip of the pronotum, large, flattened, enlarged almost into a club at the apex; joints quite short and sub-distinct. Prono- tum very slightly contracted in the middle, expanding slightly hindward; the three carinoe about equal, the lateral somewhat approximate, a little in advance of the middle ; very shghtly divergent from this point forward, a little more divergent posteriorly ; hind border obtusely rounded. Elytra and wings about as long as the abdomen ; posterior femora about same length.
Color (dried after long immersion in alcohol). — Face dull-yellow; top of the head and pronotum sometimes dark-brown, sometimes ash-brown. Upper half of the sides of the pronotum usually liglit-brown, yellowish below. Elytra pale-brown, translucent at the apex; a row of oblong, dark spots along the middle field, some four or five, often running together and forming a stripe. Wings transparent at base (probably slightly colored when living) ; apex somewhat fuliginous, with black nerves. Posterior femora sometimes striped along the disk with brown.
Dimensions. — Length, 0.87 inch; elytra, 0.56 inch; posterior femora, 0.5 inch.
Wyoming (Thomas)
$^t. admiraMIi!^, Uhlcr, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., 1864, 553.
Large size; lateral foveolse of the vertex wanting; elytra and wings as long as the abdomen ; general color green, striped with fuscous and carneous.
Vertex prominent, not expanding in front of the eyes ; margins slightly elevated, obtuse ; no middle foveola, but a slight depression each side within the margins, which are separated by a dim median carina, that extends back across the occiput. Face straight, very oblique, quadricarinate ; the carinae straight, diverging below and reaching the clypeus. Eyes pyriform.
85
oblique, poiuted at the apex. Antennae somewhat flattened and often shghtly enlarged near the base. Pronotum about as long as the head, contracted slightly in the middle ; the three carinse distinct, cut a little behind the middle by a cross incision, the lateral curving inward slightly on the anterior lobe. Elytra, wings, and posterior femora passing the abdomen.
Color. — Face and sides of the head green ; antennae and palpi carneous ; eyes brownish ; a pale reddish-brown or carneous stripe reaches from the vertex to the hind border of the pronotum, bordered each side by a dark fuscous stripe. Sides of the pronotum green, with a fuscous stripe along the middle; the posterior lobe punctured on the sides. Middle field and upper margin of the elytra green ; the green of the middle field serrated above by the notches of the fuscous portion, which occupies the upper (posterioi") half; lower (anterior) margin fuscous. Wings transparent, tinged with greenish- yellow at the base ; nerves dusky ; apex slightly fuliginous. The upper half of the disk of the posterior femora green, lower half yellowish or reddish; posterior tibiae pale at base, apical portion dusky ; spines yellowish, tipped with black. Alcohol changes the green and carneous to a pale dull-yellow ; otherwise the markings remain unchanged, except that they are somewhat faded.
Male — The following, discovered the present season, I take to be the male of this species, though the evidence on this point is not positive: Head above slightly ascei^ling to the vertex, giving the whole head an upward bend ; front conical ; face much sloped. Vertex without lateral foveolae, margins slightly raised, with two inclosed depressions separated by a slight median ridge, which runs foi'ward to the fastigium. Frontal costa quite broad and flat, very slightly sulcate below the ocellus, margins angled; lateral carinae distinct; the face is sloped backward toward the breast so much that the angle it forms with the upper surface is less than forty-five degrees. The pronotum is short, scarcely exceeding the length of the head; sides compressed, nearly parallel, expanding very slightly posteriorly; tricarinate ; the carinae aljout equal, being simply raised lines, very nearly parallel, severed once by the minute posterior sulcus a little behind the middle ; front margin sub-truncate ; posterior margin sub-truncate, rounded ; the lateral margins descending almost straight to the lower angle. Elytra and wings passing the abdomen slightly ; narrow. The sub-anal plate is prolonged in the form of a short, Ijlunt ovipositor. Antennae somewhat
86
clavate, the club commencing with the twelfth or thirteenth joint. Eyes very oblique, elongate-ovate, pointed above.
Color. — Yellowish and brown in stripes. Face yellowish, the corners of the mouth piceous. A narrow, yellow sti-ipe runs back from each eye to the pronotum, bordered on each side witli light-brown, the upper fixding on the upper edge to yellowish ; a pale-brownish stripe along the middle of the occiput. Antennse pale at base ; club black on one side and pale on the other. Carinse of the pronotum yellow, the interspaces of the disk brown- ish ; posterior lobe on the sides marked with lilack punctures and minute angular yellow raised lines ; some yellow stripes on the sides. Elytra trans- parent, somewhat fuliginous, with a dusky spot or two on the disk near the base. Wings transparent and almost uniformly fuliginous, though not clouded. Posterior femora yellowish, with two or three oblique dusky bands on the upper portion of the exterior face ; apex black. Posterior tibiee with knee black ; a broad white ring just below the knee ; rest dusky, but the upper (posterior) side shows minute abl>reviated alternate rings of black and white; the base of the spines white, tips black. Tarsi a dusky yellow.
Dimensions. — 9 Length, 1.3 inches ; pronotum, 0 23 inch ; elytra, 1 inch; posterior femora, 0.86 inch; posterior tibia?, 0.77 inch, ^j Length, 1 inch; elytra, 0.75 inch ; posterior femora, 0.65 inch ; posterior tibiaj, 0.62 inch ; pronotum, 0.13 inch.
Hab. — $ Baltimore, Maryland (Uhler) ; Northern Illinois (Walsh) ; Southern Illinois, District of Columbia, Kansas (Thomas). $ Southern Illinois (Thomas).
9 Figured, Glover, Ills. Am. Ent. Orth., PI iv. Fig. 13.
St. siibcomspersus, Walk., Cat. Dermap. Salt., iv, 755.
Male. — ^Tawny, paler beneath. Head and pronotum with several parallel indistinct brownish lines. Head with a pale testaceous line on each side, which is continued on the fore part of each lateral carina of the pronotum ; front (face) punctured, with four distinct carinse, the outer pair more divergent toward the margins of the face than the inner pair ; the foveolre of the vertex distinct, linear. Antenna; nearly cylindrical, testaceous toward the base. Pronotum with three slight carinse, the lateral pair straight, parallel to the middle one; hind border rounded. Abdomen testaceous, with a short, broad, brown streak on each side proceeding from the base. Hind femora
87
red beneath, and on the inner side, except toward the tips. Hind tibiae toward the tips and liind tarsi dark-brown. Elytra cinereous, a httle shorter than the body, with many indistinct, minute, pale-brownish marks. Wings pale-cinereous, brown toward the tips ; veins black, mostly whitish on the basal half.
Dimensions. — Length, 0.75 to 0.77 inch ; expansion of the elytra, 1.4 to 1.5 inches.
Florida (Walker).
Section 2. — Lateral carinsB of the pronotum curving or bending inward at or near the middle.
St. i^peciosus, Scudd., Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., 1862, vol. VII, 458.
Vertex of the head quite broad, not expanding at the sides ; apex not rounded; the sides of the angle straight; edges upturned considerably; a slight median groove; no lateral foveolse. Sides of the pronotum approximate, constricted in the middle ; lateral carinse not so prominent and sharp as the median. Wings as long as the elytra, extending beyond the tip of the abdomen. v
Color. — Brown above, pale-yellow beneath. Face yellowish-brown ; parts of the mouth pale-yellow. Antennae reddish-brown. A narrow, curved streak on the top of the head from the inner edge of the eye to the lateral carinse ; a narrow, straight, white streak from the eye to the lateral carinse ; the upper Waif _(]f' the sides of the pronotum brownish, darkest above. Legs yellowish-brown ; spines of the tibias tipped with black. Elytra brownish at base; apical half pellucid, with rosaceous nerves, immaculate; wings pellucid, with rosaceous nervures; costa with a dark streak beyond the middle.
Dimensions. — j Length, 0.55 inch; antennae, 0.23 inch; hind femora, 0..34 inch ; expanse of the elytra, 1 inch.
Minnesota (Scudder).
St. iuactiliiK'iiai!«, Scudd., Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., 1862, vol. VII, 458.
Vertex with the margins raised, the sides very slightly expanded in front of the eyes ; apex blunt ; lateral foveolaj, when present, very shallow and broader toward the eyes than at the apex, but these are often obliterated by the absence of their lower margin. Face oblique, nearly straight; frontal
88
costa somewhat jirominent, sides parallel, or nearly so, until near the cljpeus, where it expands and fades, sometimes sulcata, at others scarcely sulcate ; lateral carinse distinct. Pronotum slightly constricted about the' middle ; the three carinse rather slight, the lateral converging at the middle, nearly parallel on front lobe, divergent on the posterior lobe ; hind border obtusely rounded. Elytra and wings passing the abdomen.
Color. — Head and disk of the ju-onotiun green (in some individuals brown) ; a reddish-brown, broad band ijehiud the eyes reaches to the hind edge of the pronotum, limited above by the lateral carinas, which are white, but partially crossing these near the. hind border; sides of the pronotum below the band brownish or dull-yellowish. Elytra green, with a median band of equidistant, square black spots along its whole extent, besides a few irregularly-scattered smaller black spots ; sometimes the inner halves of the elytra are entirely of a rust-red color. Legs yellowish-brown ; the hind femora sometimes streaked with red or brown ; hind tibiae plumbeous Antennaj reddish at base, rest brown or fuscous.
The western specimens, as will be seen from following description, vary somewhat from the eastern type.
Dimensions. — 9 Length, 0.75 incl) ; antennae, 0.26 to 0.35 inch; hind femora, 0.45 inch; elytra, 0.7 inch, j^ Length, 0.45 to 0.55 inch.
Massachusetts (Scudder) ; Wyoming, Minnesota (Thomas).
Figured, Glover, Ills. Am. Ent. Orth., PI. x. Fig. 14.
Remark. — The following independent description of living specimens procured at Omaha, Nebraska, is inserted that it may be used as a means of comparison with specimens from other localities, as there is much difficulty in distinguishing some of Mr. Scudder's closely-allied species, if in flict they are distinct, which is a matter of some doubt:
Female. — Face dull, rusty -y ello w ; cheeks and sides of the head brown, darkest immediately back of the upper part of the eye, where it forms an ill-defined stripe which runs back to the pronotum. Occiput and disk of the pronotum pale-brown.
The black or dark-brown stripe running back from the eye continues along the upper portion of the side of the pronotum, jiassing over the lateral caringe upon the disk of the posterior lobe ; the lateral carinas yellowish. The elytra have a pale stripe along the lower (or anterior) field, near the margin ; a narrow stripe along the middle field is marked with lilack or
89
dark fuscous spots, four or five in number; the portion al)ove this and the apical tliird semi-transparent, distinctly tinged with reddish-purple. Wings transparent but tinged, especially the front and apical portions, with reddish- purple ; the nerves and nervules of the front i)ortion dusky. Posterior femora pale yellow ; a narrow dusky stripe along the upper carina (or rib) of the disk; two pale dusky spots on the inside of the upper carina. The posterior tibia has the lower two-thirds of the under surface dusky, the rest pale-yellow ; spines white at the immediate base, rest black. Antennae pale rufous.
The pronotum expands but moderately on the posterior lo])c, the- lateral caringe curving regularly inward (though moderately), the closest approxima- tion being in advance of the middle ; posterior margin ol)tusely rounded ; no entering angle on the posterior lateral margin, though it slightly (very slightly) curves inward 1)etween the humerus and lower angle.
The sub-anal plate of the male is slightly elongate, fleshy, entire, and rounded at the tip.
Dimensions. — 9 Length, 0.75 inch; elytra, O.GO inch; posterior femora, 0.46 inch; posterior tibitp, 0.38 inch ; pronotum, 0,13 inch. <? Length, 0.64 inch ; elytra, 0.52' inch ; posterior femora, 0.40 inch ; posterior tibia?, 0,36 inch.
!S»t. seqwaiBs, Scudd., Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., 1862, vol. VIL 459.
Very similar in appearance to St. maculipennis, but a smaller species, with elytra extending only to the tip of the abdomen. Vertex broad and blunt, the sides slightly swollen at the anterior border of the eyes ; apex l)lunt, and all the angles rounded ; the edge slightly but not sharpl}^ upturned ; foveolse shallow, short, and nearly ecpuangular. Lateral carinas of the pronotum curved inward a little in the middle, not so prominent as the sharp median carinse ; hind border slightly angular, but neai'ly straight. Elytra and wings just reaching the extremity of the abdomen.
Color. — Much as in St. maculipennis. The lateral caringe of the prono- tum are yellow, and the stripe extends forward to the eye ; the stripe behind the eye is quite narrow, and the sides below it green, like the parts above, and the triangular dash of black upon the top of the pronotum at tjie hinder angles is much narrower than there, on account of the lesser divei-gence of the lateral carinse. The median stripe (jf the elytra containing the square 12a
00
black (lots is yellowisli-brown, as in Sf. maculipennis, and the extremity is pellucid.
Dimensions. — 's Length, 0.45 inch ; antennae, 0.24 inch ; hind femora, 0.3 inch; elytra, 0.34 inch. 9 Length, 0.68 inch; autennge, 0.2 inch; hind femora, 0.38 inch ; elytra, 0.46 inch.
Massachusetts, Maine, New York, Minnesota (Scudder).
Mr. Smith (Proc. Port. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1868, p. 148) says that this and St. bilineatus, Scudd., are but varieties of St. maculipennis, which is probably correct ; but as the materials I have are not sufficient to settle this point, I give tlie description of each, that this may be hereafter determined.
Figured, Glover, Ills. Am. Ent. Orth., PI. vi. Fig. 2L
St. bUiateatus, Scudd., Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., 1862, vol. VII, 460.
Vertex slightly swollen at the anterior border of the eyes, but rounded, as it is also at the apex ; edges not upturned ; lateral foveolse only indicated by a very faint, scarcely perceptible depression. Sides of the pronotum rather suddenly constricted in the middle; the lateral carinas broader than the sharp median carina; hind border of the pronotum slightly rounded. Elytra as long as the abdomen.
Color. — Brown, generally dark. Face yellowish-brown, blotched with black ; a narrow, black stripe extends from the tip of the vertex along each side, extending back on the pronotum by the side of the lateral carina to the posterior border, widening on the pronotum ; the usual black stripe behind the eye is rather broad, and there is another similar one on the pronotum farther down on the side, with a yellowish streak between them. The elytra are brown, with a median row of darker spots. Legs brownish, with the extremity of the hind femora and the base of the hind tibiae darker.
Dimensions. — 3 Length, 0.5 inch; antennae, 0.22 inch; hind femora, 0.32 inch; elytra, 0.36 inch. 5 Length, 0.65 inch; antennae, 0.19 inch; hind femora, 0.36 inch ; elytra, 0.41 inch.
Massachusetts (Scudder).
St. i>roi»DB>(]iiaii!i), Scudd., Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., 1862, vol. VII, 461
Very similar to St. Uliiieatus, but of larger size, and has proportionally longer wings. It is also closely allied to St. maculij)enni^. Vertex Inroad,
91
expanding but slightly at the anterior border of the eyes; the angle rounded ; the apex blunt ; edges scarcely, if at all, raised ; foveolse as in St. macuUpen- nis, but shallower. Lateral carinse of the pronotum some'wliat convergent in the middle, of equal prominence and sharpness as the median ; hind border of the pronotum somewhat rounded. Elytra and wings a little longer than the abdomen.
Color. — Brown. A stripe behind the eye quite broad ; lateral carinse yellowish ; a faint, curved, dark stripe from the inner border of the eyes to the lateral carinse. Antennse yellowish-brown. Elytra brownish at the base, transjjarent at the apex, with a middle line of brown spots extending two- thirds of the distance toward the tip. Legs yellowish-brown ; hind tibiae plumljeous, with a broad, pale annulation at the base.
Dimensions. — (j Length, 0.6 inch; antennje, 0.26 inch; hind femora, 0.38 inch; elytra, 0 55 inch. 9 Length, 0.75 inch; antennse, 0.23 inch; hind femora, 0.48 inch ; elytra, 0.68 inch.
Connecticut, Minnesota (Scudder).
This is probably but a variety of St. macuUpennis, but the description is given here for the reason stated elsewhere.
St. ciu'tipeuni!^, Scudd, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., 1862, vol. VII, 456.
Syn., Stenobothrus longipennis, Scudd., Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., 1862, vol. VII, 457. Locusta curtipennis, Hiirr., Cat. Ins. Mass., 56. Chloealtis curtipennis, Ban-., Eep., 3d ed., 184, PL 3, Fig. 1.
Vertex expanding on each side, immediately in front of the eyes, into an angular point a little more obtuse than a right angle ; margins raised, obtuse, converging in front to a right angle ; apex blunt ; lateial foveolse distinct, linear. Face oblique, that of the male more so than that of the female, slightly arcuate ; frontal costa very prominent, sides nearly parallel, flat or sub-convex above the ocellus, rest sulcate ; lateral carinse curving regularly from the inner margin of the eyes to the corners of the face. Antennse passing the thorax, especially in the male; thick, somewhat flattened, and slightlj' enlarged toward the apex ; joints more contracted in the female than in the male. Sides of the pronotum somewhat compressed, especially on the lower posterior portion, giving to this part the appearance of being slightly indented and contracted, nearly parallel, but slightly widest in front; the three carinae distinct, equal, the lateral approximating in advance of the middle,- about one-third the distance from the anterior border ; slightly
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divergent from this point to the front border, more divergent posteriorly; the three are cut by the posterior incision a little behind the middle; posterior extremity obtusely rounded. Elytra and wings narrow, sometimes shorter than, and sometimes passing, the abdomen. Valves of the ovipositor rather longer and more exserted than usual.
Color. — Head and thorax brown ; a broad, shining black stripe on the side behind the eye, extending to the posterior extremity of the pronotum, along the upper margin, a portion of it extending above the lateral carina at the hind extremity ; sometimes there is a longitudinal dark streak on the top of the head. Antennae yellowish-brown at tlie base, the rest brown or l)lack. Elyti-a uniform pale reddish-brown ; wings pellucid. Hind femora pale-brown or yellowish, except the apex, which is black; hind tibige black at the base, rest pale-red or yellow. Under side dull-yellow.
Dimensions. — 9 Length, 0.75 to 0.84 inch ; antennre, 0.27 to 0.30 inch; elytra, 0.36 to 0.G6 inch; hind femora, 0 47 to 0.60 inch. 3 Length, 0.55 to 0.65 inch ; antennae, 0.35 to 0.37 inch ; elytra, 0.40 to 0.60 inch ; hind femora, 0.42 to 0.44 inch.
Maine, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Red River Settlements in British America (Scudder); Southern Illinois, Colorado, Wyoming, Pennsylvania (Thomas).
I agree v^^ith Mr. Smith (Proc. Port. Soc. Nat. Hist , 1868, 147) in con- sidering St. curlipennis and St. longipennis as varieties of the same species.
Subdivision 3. — Median carina of the pronotum sub-cristiform; uosterior femora inflated at the base.
St. ©ccidentalis, Sauss., Rev. et. Mag. Zool., 1861, XIII, 317.
Very similar to St. mysticus, but a little less, and the body more compressed. Rostrum of the vertex shorter, sub-deflexed ; carina? of the pronotum straight, or nearly so, acute, the median sub-cristiform. Posterior femora inflated, slender only at the apex, passing the abdomen. Antennae filiform.
Dimensions. — Length, 0.80 inch.
Tennessee (Saussure).
A desci'iption of St. mysticus, Sauss., a Mexican species, will be found in the second part of this Synopsis.
Division 2. — Face sub-vertical ; head sliorl, obtuse.
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St. brtinne(i)«, Tlios., Geol. Siirv. Terr., 1870, 280.
Female. — Vertex l)roa(l, part in front of the eyes short and not expanding at the sides, margins hut sHghtl}' raised; lateral fovcola^ very shallow, elon- gate ohlong ; the top of the head convex. Face less ohliqiic than usual, slightly arcuate below ; frontal costa broad, flat, and not sulcate, margins punctured, obsolete below. Pronotum short, scarcely longer than the head, slightly constricted in the middle ; the three carina? about equal, the lateral rather distant, converging in front, diverging posteriorly, slightly curved; transverse incision distinct, sinuous, situated about the middle ; hind border obtusely rounded. Elytra and wings nearly or quite as long as the abdomen. Antennas reach the tip of the pronotum, filiform, sliglitly flattened. Upper valves of the ovipositor scarcely, if at all, exserted.
Color (dried after long immersion in alcohol). — Keddish-Iirown with yellow. A yellow stripe of moderate width extends from the tip of the vertex along the middle of the pronotum and upon the upper margins of the elytra. Lateral carinte of the pronotum yellow ; interspaces of the disk black. Elytra brownish at base, transparent at the apex, the entire middle field marked with brownish spots, a few smaller ones also in the lower field ; upper margin yellow. Posterior femora crossed externally by three quite oblique brown bands, which extend over upon the upper portion of the inside. Male much smaller ; face more arcuate.
Dimensions. — 9 Length, 1 inch; elytra, 0.70 inch; hind femora, 0.52 inch. (J Length, 0.65 inch ; hind femora, 0.40 inch.
Colorado, Wyoming (Thomas).
Remark. — This and the next species have been place^ in this genus with much doubt, as they appear to approach CEdipoda in several respects.
St. qtiadi-iBBuactaEatus, Thos., Geol. Surv. Terr., 1870, 280.
Vertex of moderate width, deflexed, margins slightly elevated, no lateral foveolpe. Face sub-oblique or nearly vertical ; frontal costa slightly promi- nent, margins square, nearly parallel, slightly expanding l)elow, Hat or very .slightly sulcate ; lateral carinae sub-distinct, moderately divergent below. Pronotum short, depth greater than the length, slightly constricted in the middle, tricarinale ; the three carinse about equal, distinct, the lateral ap- proximate a little in advance of the middle, slightly diverging in front, more divergent posteriorly, cut l)y tlie posterior sinuate sulcus a little behind the
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middle; posterior extremily obtuse-angled. Elytra and wings narrow and shorter than the abdomen ; the former not dilated on the costal margin. Male less than half the size of the female. Antennae filiform, slightly flat- tened; joints sub-distinct, those of the female about as long as the head and thorax, of the male more than half the length of the body.
Color (dried after immersion in alcohol). — Yellowish with brownish spots and stripes. Face yellow ; cheeks yellow and fuscous ; in some indi- viduals there is a slight fuscous stripe along the occiput ; there is usually a dark stripe behind the eye, extending along the side-of the pronotum, but this is very variable and sometimes entirely wanting. Pronotum with alternating dashes of yellow and brown ; lateral carinse yellow ; corners of the disk of the posterior lobe dark-brown. Elytra pale reddish-brown, fading toward the apex ; four triangular brown spots in a row along the middle field, and a few dots of the same along the I'ower field. Wings pellucid ; nerves mostly white. Alidomen with rings of yellow and brown Posterior femora with three oblique brown bands more or less distinct. Antennse yellowish at base, dusky toward the apex. Under surface yellow.
Dimensions. — 9 Length, 0.88 inch ; elytra, 0.4 to 0.5 inch ; posterior femora, 0.5 inch. $ Length, 0.54 inch ; elytra, 0.31 inch.
Colorado, Wyoming (Thom.as).
Remark — The living insect is a pale pea-green, where the dry is yellow.
Var. a. — Face nearly vertical ; frontal costa more prominent and some- what sulcate ; latei'al carinas not so much curved and less divergent. Lateral carinae of the pronotum less approximate. The yellow spaces, especially on the elytra, broader and paler; the brown more restricted. Size same as the other variety ; locality the same. Position uncertain.
Si. §-r»cilBS, Scudd., U. S. Geol. Surv. Nek, Final Rep., 250.
Vertex of the head broad, swollen, with elevated anterior border; foveolge extremely shallow, long, triangular, with the base toward the eye. Lateral carinse of the pronotum rather prominent, regularly curved, approximate in the middle; median carina slight; hind border of the pronotum a little angu- lated ; middle of the lower border produced into a rounded projection.
Color — Slightly mottled, pale reddish-brown; a stripe of the deeper tint just behind the eyes, bordered above by the yellowish lateral carinpe of the pronotum. Elytra nearly uniform in color, but with two or three small spots )u the central field.
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Diinensions. — $ Length from the vertex to the tip of the elytra, 0.65 inch.
Nebraska (Scudder).
Remark. — It is possible that Ihis is the male of that which I have described as St. maculipennis from Omaha, but Mr. Scudder's description is too brief to determine this witli certainty. It probably belongs in Section 2, with St. maculipennis. • "
St. peliduiii^, Thos.
Syu., Gomphocerus pelidnus, Burm., Haudb. Eutom., 11, 2, 050.
The lateral foveote at the margins of the vertex distinct. The frontal costa prominent, straiglit, reaching to the clypeus ; very narrow between the antennas ; the lateral carinfe of the face distinct. The antennae distinctly flat- tened near the base. The elytra in both sexes somewhat longer than the abdomen.
Color. — Testaceous, often fuscous above ; the posterior femora banded or fasciate ; tibiae pale, fuscous at the base, where also there is a whitish band or ring.
Dimensions. — Length, O.-'iO to 0.G2 inch.
Pennsylvania (Burmeister).
Remark. — I have not met with this species — at least, I have not recog- nized it among the numerous collections I have examined ; in fact, Burmeis- ter's description is so meager that it is doubtful whether it will ever be recog- nized with satisfactory certainty ; but it evidently belongs to Stenobothrus.
GOilIPHOCERlIN, Tliiinb.
Stenobothrus (in part), Fisch.
Face almost vertical or sub-oblique. Antennae long, multiarticulate, filiform for three-fourths of the distance from the base, the remaining joints forming a compressed expanded mass, not so large in the female as the male, terminating in a point. Ocelli slightly visible. Eyes oval, slightly promi- nent. Pronotum short; its disk flat, tricarinate ; the lateral caringe sinuous, curving inward or forming an entering angle near the middle ; the poste- rior border rounded. Elytra and wings as long or a liltle longer than the abdomen. Abdomen somewhat compressed ; sub-anal plate of the male usually convex below, almost triangular. Prosternum unspined, smooth. Legs
Wl
i'
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of inediiun length, and posterior femora of the usual form. G. clavatus varies slightly from these generic characters, which are taken chiefly from Serville. The North American sjiecies of this genus approach very near to Ste- nohothrus, and might well be placed under that genus, as Fischer has done with most of the European species. I have retained it for the pnrjiose ot including Mr. Scudder's species, which I have not seen, and a species discov- ered in Kansas by Mr. Charles R. Dodge.
Cr. clnrnfiiN, sp. nov.
Male. — Small size ; antennae clavate ; elytra without spots. Vertex scarcely expanding in front of the eyes ; the margins obtuse, elevated, meet- ing in front in an angle a little less than a right-angle; apex obtuse; lateral foveolaj distinct, linear. Face oblique and slightly rounded ; frontal costa very prominent, not sulcate at any point, gradually expanding below, it and the entire face densely punctured ; the lateral carinas distinct ; the sulcus that extends from the eye downward sharp and distinct. Antennae passing the thorax ; the joints in the middle portion somewhat distinct ; the apex formed into a flattened club, very distinct; the cylindrical, basal portion con- sists of about seventeen joints, usual form; tlie club of about seven joints, much shortened. Pronotum broadest and slightly swollen near the front, somewhat contracted posteriorly ; the three carinse about equally distinct, approximate, the lateral curve inwardly, making the nearest approach to each other a little in advance of the middle; sub-truncate in front, very obtusely . rounded behind. Elytra and wings nearly as long as the abdomen ; the nervules of the disk and Ibwer field of the former scalariform. Sub-anal jjlate elongate, prow-shaped, keeled, entire at the tip, which is sub-acute. Venter and pectus densely jMjnctured. Anterior tibias grooved externally/and broad toward the apex.
Color (dried after immersion in alcohol). — Face and cheeks mottled with testaceous and brown; back of the head reddish-brown. Disk of the onotum reddish-brown, with a brassy luster ; sides with the upper portion rown, the lower margin testaceous. Elytra pale-brownish, without spots. The abdominal segments marked on each side with a black spot, those on the basal segment largest, decreasing in size toward the apex, where they are almost obliterated. Ventral portion pale-yellow. Anterior legs carneous; posterior femoia with the upper portion of the external face rufous, yellow
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beneatli ; internal face black near the base; tibife pale reddish-yellow, spines black. Club of the antennae dusky, rest yellow.
Dimensions. — Length, 0.56 inch ; elytra, 0.37 inch ; posterior femora, 0.38 inch; posterior tibia.', 0.32 inch.
Kansas (Dodge).
CJ. jitimplex, Scudd., Proc. Am. Ent. Soc, II, 305.
Front of the head dark brownish-yello^v, spotted with fuscous; median carina on the summit of the head and approximate lateral carinas slight, but distinct, testaceous ; between the two, brownish-fuscous ; a broad, blackish- fuscous streak from the upper edge of the eye backward, bounded above by a black line lying next the lateral carinse; another broad, dull, blackish-fuscous stripe running backward